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In this paper, authors assess the economic impacts of increased heat stress in humans in Ghana. As mean global temperatures increase, human capacity for manual labor is affected, particularly in activities with sun exposure such as agriculture and construction. This aspect of climate change is not well-studied, but, as this report will show, this is an important omission, particularly in regions where (i) heat and humidity are already high, (ii) there is high reliance on outdoor, manual labor, and (iii) a significant portion of the population is poor. The effects of heat stress and the resulting losses of labor capacity in such regions can cause large losses of output and GDP. These losses are likely to occur unevenly, affecting certain areas and economic sectors more than others. Some types of poor households (HH) are also likely to be disproportionately affected, especially those close to the poverty line if they earn large portions of their income from their labor and own few productive assets. The authors present projections of heat stress and labor capacity losses at high spatial resolution to identify the areas within Ghana that are most at risk. The authors then assess the economic impacts for 65 different sectors of the economy. The authors can therefore identify, with a high degree of specificity, both the locations and the economic activities that are in danger of experiencing the largest heat stress-induced labor capacity losses, and losses of output and value addition. The poverty impacts of human heat stress in Ghana are also assessed, disaggregated to identify the HH types that are more likely to be pushed into poverty.

Heat --- Physiological effect.

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This policy brief evaluates the current state of the knowledge of and plans to manage urban heat in South Asia. First, the brief examines heat in South Asian cities through the different layers of the urban environment: buildings, communities, and cities. Next, it adds the human element and explores different population groups that are vulnerable to urban heat in the region: children, informal workers, and residents of informal settlements. Together, this analysis forms the basis of three major recommendations and a conceptual framework to provide policymakers with direction on where greater attention and resources are required to improve urban heat management in South Asia.

Heat waves (Meteorology) --- Urban climatology. --- Adaptation (Physiology) --- South Asia --- Climate.

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Asbestos. --- Amianthus --- Asbestus --- Heat resistant materials --- Asbestos --- Toxicology --- Health aspects --- adverse effects --- E-books

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Coming In from the Cold provides a road map of options to help transition economy policy makers sort through key district heating issues.  It finds that district heating systems in formerly socialist countries could save the equivalent of 80 billion cubic meters of natural gas a year through supply-side efficiency improvements.  This is greater than total annual natural gas consumption in Italy!  It provides detailed suggestions regarding reforms in regulation, competition, investment policy, and ownership and management structures that could save significant amounts of energy, and thereby boost energy security and help the environment.

Heating from central stations. --- Heating from central stations --- Cogeneration of electric power and heat --- Energy policy --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil Engineering --- Government policy --- Combined electric power and heat production --- Electric power and heat cogeneration --- Heat and electric power cogeneration --- Central heating plants --- Central station heating --- District heating --- Chauffage à distance --- Cogénération de chaleur et d'électricité --- Politique énergétique --- Politique gouvernementale --- Electric power production --- Heat --- Heating plants --- 469 Energie --- warmtelevering --- E-books

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AA / International- internationaal --- 338.753.4 --- $a62-67 --- Stoom --- Warmte-energie. --- Heat engines. Steam engines --- stoom --- Warmte-energie