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This report: (i) explains economic and legal implications of current job restrictions to women for Azerbaijan, (ii) provides compelling arguments to move away from a job-title centric form of restricting and protecting women to an exposure focused rationale, and provides other country examples that follow an exposure-focused risk approach, (iii) describes the methodology used to assess OH hazards/risks attributed to each job restricted to women, critically reviews restricted jobs and provides resultant conclusions, and (iv) recommends changes to reform Labor Code and subsidiary legislation to align them with other national legislation, international conventions and good international practice. Importantly, the report provides suggestions on how to address the ramifications resulting from these changes. It is of note that this assessment is first of its kind for Azerbaijan to systematically and methodologically review job restrictions to women from a perspective of occupational health hazards and risks using available evidence.

Employment --- Gender --- Labor Law --- Labor Policies --- Labor Policy --- Social Protections and Labor --- Work and Working Conditions

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Labor regulations are important determinants of resource allocation, productivity, and labor market outcomes. They can protect workers' rights, enhance job security, and improve working conditions. However, overly restrictive regulations can also increase business costs, becoming barriers to creating formal employment, particularly for vulnerable workers. This paper analyzes the key characteristics of labor market regulations in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and benchmarks them against international practices. The main objective is to identify strengths and weaknesses in the regulations and to inform governments about policy options to enhance employment outcomes in the region. The paper focuses on labor laws and regulations concerning hiring, working hours, minimum wage, redundancy rules and cost, unemployment insurance, labor tax and social security contributions, and legal frameworks affecting women's work. This paper finds that the region has generally flexibly hiring rules, but that redundancy regulations are relatively rigid and costly compared to international practices. Statutory minimum wages and labor taxes are not very high, with the exception of a few countries. Although many countries have made efforts to remove legal barriers for women workers, discriminatory laws still restrict their participation in the labor market. While labor market regulations vary by country, the findings suggest areas where there is clear scope to improve the design and implementation of labor market regulations to facilitate stronger formal labor demand and to enhance efficient resource allocation; and at the same time, to strengthen compliance to provide necessary protections to workers.

Labor Law --- Labor Market --- Labor Policy --- Labor Regulation --- Labor Standards --- Social Protections and Labor --- Wages

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Labour Law in Namibia is the first comprehensive and scholarly text to analyse labour law in the country, the Labour Act of 2007, and how it affects the common law principles of employment relations. Concise and extensively researched, it examines the Labour Act in detail in 16 chapters that include the employment relationship; duties of employers and employees; unfair dismissal and other disciplinary actions; the settlement of industrial disputes; and collective bargaining. Over 500 relevant cases are cited, including court rulings in other countries, and comparative references to the labour

Labor laws and legislation --- Employees --- Employment law --- Industrial relations --- Labor law --- Labor standards (Labor law) --- Work --- Working class --- Industrial laws and legislation --- Social legislation --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Law and legislation --- E-books

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Across the world, governments use minimum wages, employment protection legislation, and other labor regulations that define the legal boundaries of employment to manage potential labor market imperfections. These imperfections include information asymmetry, uneven market power between employers and employees, discrimination by employers, and incomplete markets for unemployment insurance and insurance for other work-related risks. Labor regulations are also widely used to further other objectives, most notably the distribution of wealth among the population. Labor regulations can have a wide range of impacts on the employment and earnings of workers and the productivity and profits of firms. While these regulations have become common currency in most countries, many economists believe that over-regulation of labor markets can have detrimental consequences. In fact, until relatively recently, most economists were skeptical that labor regulations could have any positive impacts on either workers or firms. In recent years, a more nuanced view has emerged that argues that both over-regulation and under-regulation can constrain job creation and have other negative impacts, including exacerbating inequalities in the labor market. The proponents of this view assert that over-regulation can reduce labor market flexibility, while under-regulation can leave workers unprotected by not correcting for labor market imperfections. In practice, striking the right balance between workers' protection and market flexibility is not easy. From a political economy point of view, different groups with special interests lobby vigorously either for further protection or further flexibility. As a result, minimum wages and employment protection legislation are often highly politicized issues. However, even from a technical point of view, it is not easy to draw unequivocal conclusions about the impact of labor regulations on employment levels, earnings, job turnover, productivity, and other outcomes because of the ambiguity of theoretical models and the scarcity of empirical evidence on the causal impacts of labor regulations. Empirical evidence is even scarcer for developing and emerging economies than for developed countries.

Labor Law --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policy --- Labor Regulation --- Labor Standards --- Minimum Wage --- Poverty --- Social Protections and Labor

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The Gender Theme of the ABP II carries out comprehensive data - and evidence-based analyses on emerging challenges to gender equality and provides support to policy makers and innovative activities to address these challenges and increase women`s economic empowerment.

Employment --- Employment and Unemployment --- Gender --- Job Creation --- Labor Law --- Labor Market --- Labor Markets --- Labor Policies --- Social Protections and Labor