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Enhancement of energy efficiency (EE) can help bridge the gap between supply and demand for energy. This paper assesses the energy efficiency and conservation (EE and C) potential of sixteen EE end-use technologies and subsectors (for both primary energy (oil, gas and coal) and electricity) in Bangladesh vis a vis "business-as-usual". Further, it prioritizes among them on the bases of their potential for generating energy savings, their costs, and the benefits of deployment on a large scale. The end-use EE improvement technologies/measures analyzed range from lights, fans, and refrigerators to motors, boilers, and chillers. Sectors covered include garments, textile dyeing and weaving, steel and cement. They were chosen for analysis because they represent the most promising prospective candidates for demand side energy efficiency improvement in the country. The analysis indicates that a total of 400 petajoule (PJ) can be saved in the year 2030 when the projected total primary energy requirement is likely to be approximately 2800 PJ, id est, a savings of 14.3 percent of the total primary energy requirement in 2030 can be achieved by implementing EE measures alone. A back-of-the-envelope calculation of the relative cost effectiveness of the different options analyzed provides a measure of the costs and benefits of these EE options. Despite domestic electricity and gas prices being fairly low in comparison with international market prices, the cost of saved energy for most options is either low or negative: in other words, these EE investments have a favorable rate of return and should be a key part of energy sector development in Bangladesh. Higher electricity or gas prices would increase the cost-effectiveness of all options because the monetized value of energy saved would be higher.

Electric power --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy and environment --- Energy consumption --- Energy demand --- Energy efficiency --- Energy policies and economics --- Lighting

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The estimate of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development is that more than 80 percent or close to 8 million tons in 2007, of world freight is transported by sea. Most, if not all, freight transport moves from the producer to the consumer through logistic processes thereby passing a number of nodal points. As for waterborne transport, sea and river ports and terminals form these nodal points where freight is transferred from one mode to another. Chapter one provides data on world maritime transport and explains the different types of cargo that pass which are carried by the world merchant fleet and the cargoes they carry. It also is explained that the former general cargo type of vessels have evolved into vessel designs that have specifically been designed for different types of cargoes. Chapter two provides an extensive overview of the development of the container in terms of what containers are, how dedicated container vessels have developed as well as the impact of containers on logistic processes, including hinterland connections. Chapter three provides an overview of the world port in terms of numbers and classifies the largest ports in the world in terms of total cargoes, containers and dry bulk. Chapter four presents an overview of the indicators used in portraits Chapter five describes how ports around the world are owned and managed. First the major characteristics and functions of ports are described and possible ownership structures are explained. The chapter six not only describes the aspect of emissions, but also describes other forms of pollution sources of the sector, as these are noise, light, dust and soil and water pollution. As is explained in chapter seven, port work has gradually changed from pure physical work to processing control using dedicated and complicated equipment and automated systems. Similarly, the work of seafarers has changed. Chapter eight provides tools as to how cities can cope with this issue; in particular how former port areas can be and have been re-integrated in the city. Chapter nine presents a number of examples comparing rates that were charged in 2008 with those in the same period in 2009. Finally, chapter ten provides a comparison between the World Bank's transport business strategy paper 2008-2012 and the issues presented in this overview of ports and waterborne transport.

Canals --- Climate Change --- Common Carriers Industry --- Economies of Scale --- Emissions --- Freight Transport --- Industry --- Infrastructure --- Lighting --- Maritime Transport --- Penalties --- Ports --- Roads --- Seafarers --- Seaports --- Tariffs --- Trade --- Transport --- Vehicles --- Water Pollution

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An argument that the gas industry was the first integrated large-scale technological network and that it signaled a new wave of industrial innovation.In Progressive Enlightenment, Leslie Tomory examines the origins of the gaslight industry, from invention to consolidation as a large integrated urban network. Tomory argues that gas was the first integrated large-scale technological network, a designation usually given to the railways. He shows how the first gas network was constructed and stabilized through the introduction of new management structures, the use of technical controls, and the application of means to constrain the behavior of the users of gas lighting.Tomory begins by describing the contributions of pneumatic chemistry and industrial distillation to the development of gas lighting, then explores the bifurcation between the Continental and British traditions in distillation technology. He examines the establishment and consolidation of the new industry by the Birmingham firm Boulton & Watt, and describes the deployment of the network strategy by the entrepreneur Frederick Winsor. Tomory argues that the gas industry represented a new wave of technological innovation in industry because of its dependence on formal scientific research, its need for large amounts of capital, and its reliance on business organization beyond small firms and partnerships--all of which signaled a departure from the artisanal nature and limited deployment of inventions earlier in the Industrial Revolution. Gas lighting was the first important realization of the Enlightenment dream of science in the service of industry.

Gas-lighting --- Gas light fixtures industry --- Distillation --- Industrial revolution --- History. --- Research --- James Watt and Company (Birmingham, England) --- History --- Distillation -- Research -- Europe -- History. --- Gas light fixtures industry -- Great Britain -- History. --- Gas-lighting -- Great Britain -- History. --- Industrial revolution -- Europe. --- James Watt and Company (Birmingham, England). --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Chemical Engineering --- Rectification of spirits --- Boulton & Watt (Birmingham, England) --- Watt (James) and Company, Birmingham, Eng. --- Soho Manufactory --- Soho Works --- Watt and Company (Birmingham, England) --- Jacques Watt & Co. (Birmingham, England) --- Separation (Technology) --- Liquors --- Building fittings industry --- Lighting --- Research&delete& --- E-books --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/General --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Technology --- SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY/History of Science --- Gas-lighting - Great Britain - History --- Gas light fixtures industry - Great Britain - History --- Distillation - Research - Europe - History --- Industrial revolution - Europe

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The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy (TRACE) is used for conducting rapid assessments of energy use in cities. It helps prioritize sectors with significant energy savings potential, and identifies appropriate energy efficiency interventions across six sectors-transport, municipal buildings, water and waste water, public lighting, solid waste, and power and heat. It is a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and practical tool that can be applied in any socioeconomic setting. This report is based on the implementation of the TRACE tool in Iasi in July 2013 and it outlines ideas on what the city could further do to improve its energy efficiency performance. It details the analysis carried out and the recommendations derived as a result, for energy efficiency action plan and strategy, district heating maintenance and upgrade, non-motorized transport, public transport development, traffic flow optimization, parking restraint measures, municipal building benchmarking program, traffic restraint measures, municipal buildings audit and retrofit, and street lighting timing program.

Clean Energy --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Coal --- Electricity --- Energy --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Intensity --- Energy Production --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Fuels --- Hot Water --- Hydropower --- Landfills --- Natural Gas --- Population Density --- Renewable Energy --- Roads --- Sanitation --- Solar Energy --- Street Lighting --- Tax Exemptions --- Temperature --- Thermal Power --- Transport --- Urban Sprawl --- Wind Energy

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Rapid urban growth in developing countries has created an unprecedented demand for energy services. Cities face the enormous challenge of improving energy access to urban communities in order to improve education, health, and basic socioeconomic conditions. South Asia and Sub- Saharan Africa have the fastest growing urban populations in the world projected to grow by 50 percent by 2025. This will put tremendous pressure on cities in these regions as they work to provide basic services, including energy services, to underserved areas. While there is widespread understanding of the critical role energy access plays in sustainable development, there is still a lack of policies targeted at growing urban poor populations. The objective of these case studies is to share lessons learned in successful energy access initiatives and to provide a point of reference for energy practitioners. The case studies identify barriers to energy access that are unique to the urban poor, innovative approaches to finding solutions, and the roles of communities, service providers, and governments in successfully providing access to legal modern energy services. Eight case studies focused on electrification and clean fuels were selected from India, Bangladesh, Colombia, and Brazil all countries that have had varying success in providing access to modern energy services for slum dwellers. The cases selected highlight several common barriers facing the urban poor in achieving access to safer, cleaner, and legal sources of energy. They also outline the innovative approaches adopted by all stakeholders. This study demonstrates several common barriers and highlights diverse ways to overcome them. It shows that success depends on several enabling factors working together, such as stakeholder collaboration and community empowerment. Sustainable initiatives that have the potential to be replicated in other urban poor communities depend on the continued commitment of stakeholders, and the presence of strong financial and institutional mechanisms.

Adverse Effects --- Air Pollution --- Capacity Building --- Cities --- Community Involvement --- Conservation --- Electricity --- Employment --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Consumption --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental Health --- Housing --- Housing & Human Habitats --- Hygiene --- Indoor Air Pollution --- Kerosene --- Lighting --- Natural Gas --- Public Safety --- Slums --- Urban Areas --- Urban Development --- Urban Environment --- Urban Poor