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This paper argues that although the bulk of the literature tends to focus on regulatory uncertainty stemming from formal practices, uncertainty that comes from unpredictable informal practices surrounding regulation is an underexplored additional form of regulatory uncertainty. The paper uses the results of empirical analysis of several unique firm-level data sets to argue that firms in Russian institutional environments adapt to informal practices of business-government interactions, so long as these practices are predictable. The paper draws a distinction between differences in levels of relatively well-ordered (and often centralized) and therefore predictable corruption-a predictable component of the cost of doing business-and variation in experiences with corruption, which often results from decentralized, unconstrained ("administrative") corruption and the rent-seeking incentives of lower level officials. It argues that a significant obstacle to investment decisions at the regional level is not so much formal or informal rules per se, but lack of predictability of their application. It also examines in-country inconsistency in property rights enforcement as another source of underexplored regulatory uncertainty tied to informal practice. Unlike administrative corruption, inconsistent property rights enforcement is a fundamental, existential threat to businesses. To test this hypothesis, the paper draws on a measure that captures private "raiders" attacks on firms-hostile, often violent takeovers of firms by outsiders aided and often abetted by law enforcement agencies. The paper argues that the greater is the number of raider attacks for a given region, the greater is the uncertainty and the less likely is investment.

Beeps --- Corruption --- Investment --- Property Right Enforcement --- Rural Development

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American cities, once economic and social launch pads for their residents, are all too often plagued by poverty and decay. One need only to look at the ruins of Detroit to see how far some once-great cities have fallen, or at Boston and San Francisco for evidence that such decline is reversible. In Boom Towns, Stephen J.K. Walters diagnoses the root causes of urban decline in order to prescribe remedies that will enable cities to thrive once again. Arguing that commonplace explanations for urban decay misunderstand the nature of our towns, Walters reconceives of cities as dense accumulations of capital in all of its forms—places that attract people by making their labor more productive and their leisure more pleasurable. Policymakers, therefore, must properly define and enforce property rights in order to prevent the flight of capital and the resulting demise of urban centers. Using vivid evocations of iconic towns and the people who crucially affected their destinies, Walters shows how public policy measures which aim to revitalize often do more harm than good. He then outlines a more promising set of policies to remedy the capital shortage that continues to afflict many cities and needlessly limit their residents' opportunities. With its fresh interpretation of one of the American quandaries of our day, Boom Towns offers a novel contribution to the debate about American cities and a program for their restoration.

Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Urban economics. --- Right of property --- Ownership of property --- Private ownership of property, Right of --- Private property, Right of --- Property, Right of --- Property rights --- Right of private ownership of property --- Right of private property --- Right to property --- Civil rights --- Property --- Cities and towns --- City economics --- Economics of cities --- Economics --- Economic aspects --- Law and legislation --- Urban economics --- E-books

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This treatise focuses directly on the concept of ownership, on the complex structure of property rights, and the relation between that structure and distributive justice.

Law of real property --- Legal theory and methods. Philosophy of law --- Property --- Economics --- Possession (Law) --- Things (Law) --- Wealth --- Law and legislation --- Property. --- E-books --- Right of property. --- Ownership of property --- Private ownership of property, Right of --- Private property, Right of --- Property, Right of --- Property rights --- Right of private ownership of property --- Right of private property --- Right of property --- Right to property --- Civil rights --- Primitive property

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Removing the Commons defends a Lockean Left-Libertarian account of the moral conditions in which people may remove, either via use or appropriation, natural resources from the commons. I conclude that self-owning agents may remove natural resources from the commons just so long as they leave others the competitive value of their removal in a way that best affords others an equal opportunity for welfare.

Commons. --- Natural resources, Communal. --- Right of property. --- Ownership of property --- Private ownership of property, Right of --- Private property, Right of --- Property, Right of --- Property rights --- Right of private ownership of property --- Right of private property --- Right of property --- Right to property --- Communal natural resources --- Community-owned natural resources --- Common lands --- Commons --- Communal land --- Communal lands --- Law and legislation --- Civil rights --- Property --- Collective settlements --- Public lands --- Village communities --- Land tenure --- Real property --- Marks (Medieval land tenure) --- Natural resources, Communal --- E-books

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The comparative analysis of socialist and capitalist economic systems has given rise to a voluminous literature in the history of economic thought, yet detailed analysis of the 'market socialism' model, which seeks to imitate the functional efficiency of capitalism by simulating a competitive economy, has been relatively neglected. In this work, Mateusz Machaj seeks to redress this imbalance by providing an in-depth examination of one of the defining issues that separates capitalism from socialism - the system of ownership, or property rights - which, when explored, highlight fundamental problems in the market socialism model.

Right of property --- Property --- Capitalism --- Socialism --- Collectivism --- Anarchism --- Communism --- Critical theory --- Marxism --- Social democracy --- Socialist movements --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Market economy --- Possession (Law) --- Things (Law) --- Wealth --- Primitive property --- Civil rights --- Ownership of property --- Private ownership of property, Right of --- Private property, Right of --- Property, Right of --- Property rights --- Right of private ownership of property --- Right of private property --- Right to property --- Law and legislation --- Right of property. --- Property. --- Capitalism. --- Socialism. --- E-books