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In many parts of the developing world, access to electricity is uneven and inconsistent, characterized by frequent and long hours of power outages. Many countries now engage in systematic load shedding because of persistent power shortages. When and where electricity is provided can have important impacts on welfare and growth. But quantifying those impacts is difficult because utility-level data on power outages are rarely available and not always reliable. This paper introduces a new method of tracking power outages from outer space. This measure identifies outage-prone areas by detecting excess fluctuations in light outputs. To develop these measures, the study processed the complete historical archive of sub-orbital Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime imagery captured over South Asia on every night since 1993. The analysis computes annual estimates of the Power Supply Irregularity index for all 600,000 villages in India from 1993 to 2013. The Power Supply Irregularity index measures are consistent with ground-based measures of power supply reliability from the Indian Human Development Survey, and with feeder-level outage data from one of the largest utilities in India. The study's methods open new opportunities to study the determinants of power outages as well as their impacts on welfare.

Defense Meteorological Satellite Program'S --- DMSP --- Load Shedding --- Nighttime Lights --- Power Outages --- Remote Sensing

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This paper describes new global evidence-derived from satellite data-for rates and patterns of urban spatial development since 1990 along three margins: horizontal spread (outward extension), infill development (inward additions in the gaps left between earlier structures), and vertical layering (upward construction). The end product of this growth is floor space, the amount and distribution of which are central to understanding how a city becomes livable and sustainable. Over the quarter century between 1990 and 2015, urban built-up area worldwide grew by 30 percent through horizontal spread and infill. While most cities grow through a combination of horizontal spread and infill, the paper provides the first estimates of the relative prominence of each type of expansion at different stages of economic development. In low-income and lower-middle-income countries, 90 percent of urban built-up area expansion occurs as horizontal spread. The study also finds that increasing incomes are a uniquely necessary condition for a rise in floor space per person through vertical layering: the reason is that building tall is capital intensive. The analysis highlights that if a city's population doubles but incomes stay constant, the city's floor space per person declines by 40 percent; by contrast, if per capita income doubles but population stays constant, the city's total floor space per person increases by 29 percent.

City Structure --- Land Use --- Municipal Housing and Land --- Satellite Imagery --- Transport Network --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development

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The first book to tell the story of Iridium in this context, A Telephone for the World is a fascinating look at how people, nations, and corporations across the world grappled in different ways with the meaning of a new historical era.

E-books --- Artificial satellites in telecommunication --- Telecommunication --- Electric communication --- Mass communication --- Telecom --- Telecommunication industry --- Telecommunications --- Communication --- Information theory --- Telecommuting --- Communication satellites --- Communications-relay satellites --- Communications satellites --- Global satellite communications systems --- Satellite communication systems --- Telecommunication satellites --- Telecommunications satellites --- Telstar satellites --- History. --- Iridium Communications, Inc. --- Iridium Satellite LLC --- History

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This paper uses high-resolution satellite data on the proportion of buildings in a 250*250 meter cell to study the evolution of human settlement in Ghana over a 40-year period. The analysis finds a strong increase in built-up area over time, mostly concentrated in the vicinity of roads, and also directly on the coast. There is strong evidence of agglomeration effects in the static sense - buildup in one cell predicts buildup in a nearby cell - and in a dynamic sense - buildup in a cell predicts buildup in that cell later on, and an increase in buildup in nearby cells. These effects are strongest over a radius of 3 to 15 kilometers. No evidence is found that human settlements are spaced more or less equally over the landscape or along roads. By fitting a transition matrix to the data, this paper predicts a sharp increase in the proportion of the country that is densely built-up by the middle and end of the century, but there is no increase in the proportion of partially built-up locations.

Agglomeration --- Geospatial Analysis --- Human Settlement Pattern --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Roads --- Satellite Imagery --- Transition Matrix --- Urban Development --- Urban Economic Development --- Urbanization

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The Transformation of Intergovernmental Satellite Organisations: Policy and Legal Perspectives offers a multifaceted analysis of the complex policy and legal issues associated with the privatisation or restructuring of the world’s preeminent intergovernmental satellite organisations, INTELSAT, INMARSAT and EUTELSAT. Maury Mechanick, Christian Roisse, and David Sagar, each of whom were directly involved in these undertakings, provide a unique perspective on the critical issues involved, while Frans von der Dunk and Patricia McCormick offer a broader contextual assessment of their significance. The contributors’ insights regarding the restructuring of these satellite organisations and the intergovernmental organisations which oversee public services represent valuable reflections on those developments, as well as on changes occurring following privatisation regarding those entities’ ownership profiles and service provisions.

Artificial satellites in telecommunication -- Law and legislation. --- Intergovernmental satellite. --- Law. --- Artificial satellites in telecommunication --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law, General & Comparative --- Law and legislation --- Law and legislation. --- Space law --- Telecommunication --- E-books