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The impact of international students and skilled immigration in the United States on innovative activity is estimated using a model of idea generation. In the main specification a system of three equations is estimated, where dependent variables are total patent applications, patents awarded to U.S. universities, and patents awarded to other U.S. entities, each scaled by the domestic labor force. Results indicate that both international graduate students and skilled immigrants have a significant and positive impact on future patent applications, as well as on future patents awarded to university and nonuniversity institutions. The central estimates suggest that a 10 percent increase in the number of foreign graduate students would raise patent applications by 4.7 percent, university patent grants by 5.3 percent, and nonuniversity patent grants by 6.7 percent. Thus, reductions in foreign graduate students from visa restrictions could significantly reduce U.S. innovative activity. Increases in skilled immigration also have a positive, but smaller, impact on patenting.

Education --- Foreign Skilled Workers --- Foreign Students --- Graduate --- Graduate Students --- Grants --- International Students --- Labor Force --- Literature --- Papers --- Research --- Scholars --- School --- Science --- Scientists --- Secondary Education --- Technical Assistance --- Technical Fields --- Tertiary Education --- Training --- Universities --- University

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Civilization, Modern --- Intellectuals. --- Learning and scholarship --- Popular culture --- AA / International- internationaal --- 470 --- 321.93 --- #SBIB:324H31 --- Erudition --- Scholarship --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Education --- Learned institutions and societies --- Research --- Scholars --- Intelligentsia --- Persons --- Social classes --- Specialists --- Openbaar onderwijs: algemeenheden. --- Hoofdarbeiders. Bedienden. Vrije beroepen. --- Intellectuelen, politiek-maatschappelijk debat --- Great Britain --- Evaluation. --- Intellectuals --- Hoofdarbeiders. Bedienden. Vrije beroepen --- Openbaar onderwijs: algemeenheden

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Philosophy, German --- Philosophers --- History --- 801.3 --- 801.5 --- 803.0-024 --- German language --- -Philosophers --- -Scholars --- Ashkenazic German language --- Hochdeutsch --- Judaeo-German language (German) --- Judendeutsch language --- Judeo-German language (German) --- Jüdisch-Deutsch language --- Jüdischdeutsch language --- Germanic languages --- Lexicografie. Woordenboeken --- Grammatica --- Modern Duits--(vanaf 16de eeuw) --- Dictionaries --- -Lexicografie. Woordenboeken --- 803.0-024 Modern Duits--(vanaf 16de eeuw) --- 801.5 Grammatica --- 801.3 Lexicografie. Woordenboeken --- -801.5 Grammatica --- -Philosophy, German --- -#KVHA:Kantoor Duits --- German philosophy --- -801.3 --- Scholars --- DE / Germany - Duitsland - Allemagne --- 031 --- 803.0 <03> --- -=30 --- -#KVHA:Duits. Woordenboeken; verklarende --- =30 Duits --- Duits --- 803.0 <03> Duits. Duitse taalkunde--Naslagwerken. Referentiewerken --- Duits. Duitse taalkunde--Naslagwerken. Referentiewerken --- Verklarende, etymologische woordenboeken. --- linguïstiek --- Allemand (Langue) --- Dictionaries. --- Dictionnaires --- Philosophie allemande --- Philosophes --- History. --- Histoire --- -Ashkenazic German language --- Verklarende, etymologische woordenboeken --- woordenboeken --- -Dictionaries --- Philosophy, German - History --- Philosophers - Germany

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In this closely integrated collection of essays on colonialism in world history, Frederick Cooper raises crucial questions about concepts relevant to a wide range of issues in the social sciences and humanities, including identity, globalization, and modernity. Rather than portray the past two centuries as the inevitable movement from empire to nation-state, Cooper places nationalism within a much wider range of imperial and diasporic imaginations, of rulers and ruled alike, well into the twentieth century. He addresses both the insights and the blind spots of colonial studies in an effort to get beyond the tendency in the field to focus on a generic colonialism located sometime between 1492 and the 1960's and somewhere in the "West." Broad-ranging, cogently argued, and with a historical focus that moves from Africa to South Asia to Europe, these essays, most published here for the first time, propose a fuller engagement in the give-and-take of history, not least in the ways in which concepts usually attributed to Western universalism-including citizenship and equality-were defined and reconfigured by political mobilizations in colonial contexts.

Decolonization --- Imperialism --- Sovereignty --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Colonization --- Postcolonialism --- Historiography. --- Africa --- Eastern Hemisphere --- #SBIB:327.4H21 --- #SBIB:39A4 --- 325 --- 92 --- AA / International- internationaal --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- Geschiedenis. --- Histoire. --- History. --- 92 Geschiedenis. --- 92 Histoire. --- 92 History. --- Historiography --- Kolonisatie / dekolonisatie / post-kolonisatie --- Toegepaste antropologie --- Koloniale politiek --- Geschiedenis --- Décolonisation --- Impérialisme --- Historiographie --- Afrique --- Colonisation --- 20th century. --- africa. --- civic. --- colonial contexts. --- colonial studies. --- colonial theory. --- colonialism. --- colonization. --- diaspora. --- essay collection. --- europe. --- globalization. --- historians. --- historical perspective. --- history of colonialism. --- human condition. --- humanities. --- imperialism. --- modernity. --- national identity. --- nationalism. --- nonfiction essays. --- postcolonial. --- retrospective. --- social sciences. --- south asia. --- textbooks. --- theoretical. --- western scholars. --- world history. --- world powers.

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Starting in the 1990's, San Francisco launched a series of bold but relatively unknown public policy experiments to improve wages and benefits for thousands of local workers. Since then, scholars have documented the effects of those policies on compensation, productivity, job creation, and health coverage. Opponents predicted a range of negative impacts, but the evidence tells a decidedly different tale. This book brings together that evidence for the first time, reviews it as a whole, and considers its lessons for local, state, and federal policymakers.

Employee rights -- California -- San Francisco. --- Labor laws and legislation -- California -- San Francisco. --- Labor policy -- California -- San Francisco. --- Wages -- Government policy -- California -- San Francisco. --- Labor policy --- Labor laws and legislation --- Wages --- Employee rights --- Business & Economics --- Labor & Workers' Economics --- Government policy --- Employees --- Labor rights --- Rights of employees --- Compensation --- Departmental salaries --- Earnings --- Pay --- Remuneration --- Salaries --- Wage-fund --- Wage rates --- Working class --- Employment law --- Industrial relations --- Labor law --- Labor standards (Labor law) --- Work --- Labor --- State and labor --- Law and legislation --- Civil rights --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Employee rules --- Income --- Labor costs --- Compensation management --- Cost and standard of living --- Prices --- Industrial laws and legislation --- Social legislation --- Economic policy --- E-books --- 1990s. --- america. --- business economics. --- california. --- company culture. --- federal policymakers. --- health coverage. --- improved wages. --- insurance. --- job creation. --- labor policies. --- labor scholars. --- labor standards. --- labor studies. --- local mandates. --- local policymakers. --- local workers. --- modern labor market. --- public policy. --- retrospective. --- san francisco. --- social historians. --- state policymakers. --- united states. --- wage laws. --- worker benefits. --- worker compensation. --- worker productivity. --- worker wages. --- working class.