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Opposition to climate policies seems to arise, at least partly, from their effects on inequality. However, so far, the impact of climate policies on inequality has mainly been studied through the lens of income inequality, and their spatial dimension is poorly understood. This paper, using Cape Town, South Africa, as a case study, investigates the impact of a fuel tax on both spatial and income inequalities. It uses a model derived from the standard urban economics land use model, accounting for four income classes and four housing types. This modeling framework allows decomposing the impacts of the tax by income class, housing type, and housing location. The analysis also decomposes the impacts of the tax over different timeframes, assuming that households and developers progressively adapt to the tax. The findings reveal strong evidence that in the short term, there are both income and spatial inequalities, with households being more negatively impacted by the fuel tax if they earn low incomes or live far from employment centers. In the medium and long term, these inequalities persist: the poorest households, living in informal settlements or subsidized housing, have few or no ways to adapt to changes in fuel prices by changing housing type, adjusting their dwelling sizes or locations, or shifting transportation modes. Low-income households living in formal housing also remain impacted by the tax over the long term due to complex effects driven by the competition with richer households on the housing market. Complementary policies promoting a functioning labor market that allows people to change jobs easily, affordable public transportation, or subsidies helping low-income households to rent houses closer to employment centers will be key to enable the social acceptability of climate policies.

Transportation --- Climatic factors.

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India, recognizing the complex challenges of rising temperatures, was one of the first countries in the world to develop a comprehensive Cooling Action Plan in 2019. The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) sets out a long-term vision of ensuring sustainable cooling and thermal comfort for all while securing environmental and socio-economic benefits. The ICAP recognizes that cooling is a cross-sectoral challenge, and that sustainable delivery of cooling is needed to deliver climate-resilient economic growth. To help India achieve the ICAP's bold vision while identifying entry points for World Bank sectoral engagement, the Bank commissioned a study in December 2020, with the aim of identifying practical ways to Support the Implementation of the ICAP, including via identification of the role of concessional finance in delivering cooling solutions. Following a consultation process involving over 20 different stakeholders from academia, industry, thinktanks and the Government, the study found that over the next few decades, the projected growth of cooling-related sectors will result in an exponential rise in cooling and refrigerant demands, and energy consumption in all sectors. This will be matched with an increase in GHG emissions, projected to double by 2027. It concludes that India's cooling strategy can help mitigate risks of heat on lives and livelihoods, lower carbon emissions, and position India as a global hub for green cooling manufacturing. Additionally, India's long-term food security and public health security depend on a reliable cold chain network. Unlocking opportunities to create a sustainable cooling strategy will also help India in its post-COVID recovery by boosting investments, creating jobs, reducing emissions, and securing the supply chains of medical care products, health infrastructure, as well as food products. The study includes a series of roadmaps designed to help achieve sustainable cooling in key ICAP thematic areas, i.e., Space Cooling in Buildings, Cold-Chain and Refrigeration (Agriculture and Health), Passenger Transport Air-Conditioning and Refrigerants. The study finds that concessional finance by multilateral development banks, financial institutions and the private sector will play a key role in helping India develop financial instruments and innovative models to accelerate the adoption of sustainable cooling measures. These innovative financial instruments will be crucial to develop and transform the cooling market in India.

City planning --- Sustainable design. --- Climatic factors.

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"This extraordinary book is the result of over three decades of Dr. Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissen's career at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway. The book provides new insights into a series of growth mechanisms in aquatic living resources through the digestion and utilization of dietary protein for growth and maturation."--

Fishes --- Aquaculture --- Aquiculture --- Agriculture --- Bioclimatology --- Climatic changes --- Hydrometeorology --- Fish --- Pisces --- Aquatic animals --- Vertebrates --- Fisheries --- Fishing --- Ichthyology --- Climatic factors. --- Climatic factors --- Effect of climate on --- Effect of climatic changes on --- Meteorological factors --- Marine animals --- Marine fauna --- Ocean animals --- Sea animals --- Marine organisms --- Growth --- Nutrition --- Age and growth studies --- Length-weight relationships --- E-books

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Crops and climate --- Crop yields --- Crops --- Field crops --- Yields, Crop --- Agricultural productivity --- Soil productivity --- Agricultural climatology --- Agriculture --- Agroclimatology --- Climate and crops --- Crop micrometeorology --- Plant biometeorology --- Agricultural ecology --- Bioclimatology --- Yields --- Climatic factors --- E-books --- Crops and climate. --- Crop yields.

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À partir de l’expérience acquise dans les pays de l’OCDE, le présent rapport met en évidence des formes d’intervention propices à une agriculture durable et résiliente dans l’optique du changement climatique. Les recherches montrent que des facteurs comportementaux influent sur l’efficacité des incitations, en allant dans le sens ou à l’encontre de l’action publique. Aussi faut-il prendre en compte le comportement des agriculteurs pour que les politiques soient à la fois plus efficaces pour l’environnement et plus rentables. En général, les instruments employés sont loin d’avoir les retombées environnementales escomptées, pour des raisons institutionnelles, culturelles, sociales et politiques. Les mesures incitatives, l’éducation et l’information, ainsi que la cohérence et la compatibilité avec les pratiques locales traditionnelles, entrent toutes en jeu dans les résultats enregistrés.

Agriculture -- Environmental aspects. --- Crops and climate. --- Farm management -- Decision making. --- Farm management -- Environmental aspects. --- Agriculture --- Farm management --- Environmental aspects. --- Decision making. --- Decision-making in farm management --- Farm organization --- Farms --- Agricultural climatology --- Agroclimatology --- Climate and crops --- Crop micrometeorology --- Crops --- Plant biometeorology --- Management --- Climatic factors --- Land tenure --- Agricultural landscape management --- Agricultural systems --- Environmental protection --- Agricultural ecology --- Bioclimatology --- Economic aspects