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Before the opening of the treaty ports in the 1840s, Canton was the only Chinese port where foreign merchants were allowed to trade. The Golden Ghetto takes us into the world of one of this city's most important foreign communities--the Americans--during the decades between the American Revolution of 1776 and the signing of the Sino-US Treaty of Wanghia in 1844. American merchants lived in isolation from Chinese society in sybaritic, albeit usually celibate luxury. Making use of exhaustive research, Downs provides an especially clear explanation of the Canton commercial setting generally and of the role of American merchants. Many of these men made fortunes and returned home to become important figures in the rapidly developing United States. The book devotes particular attention to the biographical details of the principal American traders, the leading American firms, and their operations in Canton and the United States. Opium smuggling receives especial emphasis, as does the important topic of early diplomatic relations between the United States and China.

Merchants --- Americans --- Businesspeople --- Yankees --- Ethnology --- History. --- China --- United States --- Guangzhou (China) --- Yang-chʻeng (Guangdong Sheng, China) --- Kanton (China) --- Wu-yang chʻeng (China) --- Hui-chʻeng (China) --- Kuang-chou (Guangdong Sheng, China) --- Kwangchow (China) --- Canton (China) --- Kwangju (China) --- Guang zhou (China) --- Kouang-chou (China) --- Quảng Châu (China) --- Shengcheng (China) --- Puyün (China) --- Pʼan-yü (Guangzgou Shi, China) --- Kwang-chowfu (China) --- Fan-yü (China) --- Kuang-chou-shih (China) --- Guangzhoushi (China) --- 广州 (China) --- Foreign economic relations --- Commerce --- History --- E-books

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Merchants were central to the huge growth in China's foreign trade and contributed to the development of world markets and networks. Merchants of Canton and Macao: Success and Failure in Eighteenth-Century Chinese Trade brings together much new research about the inner workings of the merchants of Canton and Macao. The book studies in detail the leading Chinese merchants and merchant families as well as the porcelain and silk trades. By examining the successes and failures of dozens of Chinese merchants involved in foreign trade, it provides fresh insights into China's unique form of capitalism and her role in the rise of global commerce. Van Dyke's conclusions on the nature of Qing policy towards foreign trade are bold, original and supported by intensive research. In contrast to the traditional focus on British and American trade, his research draws on archives in multiple languages, spread around the world.

Merchants --- Businesspeople --- History --- Macau (China) --- Guangzhou (China) --- Yang-chʻeng (Guangdong Sheng, China) --- Kanton (China) --- Wu-yang chʻeng (China) --- Hui-chʻeng (China) --- Kuang-chou (Guangdong Sheng, China) --- Kwangchow (China) --- Canton (China) --- Kwangju (China) --- Guang zhou (China) --- Kouang-chou (China) --- Quảng Châu (China) --- Shengcheng (China) --- Puyün (China) --- Pʼan-yü (Guangzgou Shi, China) --- Kwang-chowfu (China) --- Fan-yü (China) --- Kuang-chou-shih (China) --- Guangzhoushi (China) --- 广州 (China) --- Macau (Macau) --- Macao (China) --- Ao-men (China) --- Aomen (China) --- Cidade de Macau (China) --- 澳门 (China) --- Commerce --- E-books --- S10/0210 --- S10/0450 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--General works and economic history: before 1840 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Commerce inside China: general and before 1911

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It is not often recognized that China was one of the few places in the early modern world where all merchants had equal access to the market. This study shows that private traders, regardless of the volume of their trade, were granted the same privileges in Canton as the large East India companies. All of these companies relied, to some extent, on private capital to finance their operations. Without the investments from individuals, the trade with China would have been greatly hindered. Competitors, large and small, traded alongside each other while enemies traded alongside enemies. Buddhists, Muslims, Catholics, Protestants, Parsees, Armenians, Hindus, and others lived and worked within the small area in the western suburbs of Canton designated for foreigners. Cantonese shopkeepers were not allowed to discriminate against any foreign traders. In fact, the shopkeepers were generally working in a competitive environment, providing customer-oriented service that generated goodwill, friendship, and trust. These contributed to the growth of the trade as a whole. While many private traders were involved in smuggling opium, others, such as Nathan Dunn, were much opposed to it. The case studies in this volume demonstrate that fortunes could be made in China by trading in legitimate items just as successfully as in illegitimate ones, which tellingly suggests that the rapid spread of opium smuggling in China could be a result of inadequate, rather than excessive, regulation by the Qing government.

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