Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

NETosis, a form of cell death that manifests by the release of decondensed chromatin to the extracellular space, provides valuable insights into mechanisms and consequences of cellular demise. Because extracellular chromatin can immobilize microbes, the extended nucleohistone network was called a neutrophil extracellular trap (NET), and the process of chromatin release was proposed to serve an innate immune defense function. Extracellular chromatin NETs were initially observed in studies of neutrophils and are most prominent in these types of granulocytes. Subsequent studies showed that other granulocytes and, in a limited way, other cells of the innate immune response may also release nuclear chromatin following certain kinds of stimulation. Variations of NETosis were noted with cells that remain temporarily motile after the release of chromatin. Numerous stimuli for NETosis were discovered, including bacterial breakdown products, inflammatory stimuli, particulate matter, certain crystals, immune complexes and activated thrombocytes. Fundamental explorations into the mechanisms of NETosis observed that neutrophil enzyme activity (PAD4, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3 and myeloperoxidase) and signal transduction pathways contribute to the regulation of NETosis. Histones in NET chromatin become modified by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and cleaved at specific sites by proteases, leading to extensive chromatin externalization. In addition, NETs serve for attachment of bactericidal enzymes including myeloperoxidase, leukocyte proteases, and the cathelicidin LL-37. NETs are decorated with proteases and may thus contribute to tissue destruction. However, the attachment of these enzymes to NET-associated supramolecular structures restricts systemic spread of the proteolytic activity. While the benefit of NETs in an infection appears obvious, NETs also participate as key protagonists in various pathologic states. Therefore, it is essential for NETs to be efficiently cleared; otherwise digestive enzymes may gain access to tissues where inflammation takes place. Persistent NET exposure at sites of inflammation may lead to a further complication: NET antigens may provoke acquired immune responses and, over time, could initiate autoimmune reactions, serve as antigen for nuclear autoantibodies and foster DNA immune complex-related inflammation. Neutrophil products and deiminated proteins comprise an important group of autoantigens in musculoskeletal disorders. Aberrant NET synthesis and/or clearance are often associated with inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. Recent evidence also implicates aberrant NET formation in the development of endothelial damage, atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Intravital microscopy provides evidence for conditions that induce NETosis in vivo. Furthermore, NETs can easily be detected in synovial fluid and tissue sections of patients with arthritis and gout. NETosis is thus of interest to researchers who investigate innate immune responses, host-pathogen interactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, cell and vascular biology, biochemistry, and autoimmunity. As we enter the second decade of research on NETosis, it is useful and timely to review the mechanisms and pathways of NET formation, their role in bacterial and fungal defense and their importance as inducers of autoimmune responses.

Infection --- Autoimmunity --- Microscopy --- Immune Cell Interactions --- Neutrophil Extracellular Traps --- Inflammation --- Mechanisms of Cell Death --- Chronic Disease

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Cell interaction. --- Cellular signal transduction. --- Signal Transduction --- Cellular information transduction --- Information transduction, Cellular --- Signal transduction, Cellular --- Bioenergetics --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Information theory in biology --- Cell-cell interaction --- Cell communication --- Cellular communication (Biology) --- Cellular interaction --- Intercellular communication --- physiology. --- 576.5 --- 576.5 Cell interactions. Intercellular junctions. Cell populations. Cell behaviour in culture --- Cell interactions. Intercellular junctions. Cell populations. Cell behaviour in culture --- Transduction du signal cellulaire --- Cellules --- Interaction --- Transduction du signal cellulaire. --- Interaction. --- Cellular signal transduction --- physiology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Lipids --- Lipids. --- Cell Communication. --- Signal Transduction. --- Metabolism --- Metabolism. --- metabolism. --- Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction --- Signal Transduction Pathways --- Signal Transduction Systems --- Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction --- Signal Pathways --- Pathway, Signal --- Pathway, Signal Transduction --- Pathways, Signal --- Pathways, Signal Transduction --- Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions --- Signal Pathway --- Signal Transduction Pathway --- Signal Transduction System --- Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated --- Signal Transductions --- Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated --- System, Signal Transduction --- Systems, Signal Transduction --- Transduction, Signal --- Transductions, Signal --- Metabolism, Lipid --- Lipid metabolism --- Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interaction --- Cell Communications --- Cell Interactions --- Cell to Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interactions --- Communication, Cell --- Communications, Cell --- Interaction, Cell --- Interaction, Cell-to-Cell --- Interactions, Cell --- Interactions, Cell-to-Cell --- Lipides --- Lipins --- Lipoids --- metabolism --- Cell Communication --- Signal Transduction --- Lipid Metabolism. --- Biomolecules --- Steroids --- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell --- Receptor Cross-Talk --- Feedback, Physiological --- Gasotransmitters --- Cell Signaling

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

"This journal publishes papers ... covering all aspects of mechanisms, actions, and structural components of cellular signalling systems. The emphasis is on effector systems, such as protein kinases, lipid signalling pathways, cyclic nucleotide signalling processes, NO signalling and ion channels; the production, regulation, degradation and action of second messengers; the structure, regulation, degradation and action of receptors; guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins; bio-informatic studies related to cell signalling mechanisms; compartmentalisation/compartmentation of signalling systems; anchor/scaffold signalling proteins; the effect of cellular signalling events on the functioning, growth and differentiation of cells in normal and pathological states and also cellular oncogenes."

Cell interaction --- Signal Transduction --- Cell Communication. --- Transduction du signal cellulaire --- Cellules --- Cell interaction. --- Cell-cell interaction --- Cell communication --- Cellular communication (Biology) --- Cellular interaction --- Intercellular communication --- Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interaction --- Cell Communications --- Cell Interactions --- Cell to Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interactions --- Communication, Cell --- Communications, Cell --- Interaction, Cell --- Interaction, Cell-to-Cell --- Interactions, Cell --- Interactions, Cell-to-Cell --- Cell Communication --- periodicals. --- Cell Physiological Phenomena. --- Signal Transduction. --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Receptor Mediated Signal Transduction --- Signal Transduction Pathways --- Signal Transduction Systems --- Cell Signaling --- Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction --- Signal Pathways --- Pathway, Signal --- Pathway, Signal Transduction --- Pathways, Signal --- Pathways, Signal Transduction --- Receptor-Mediated Signal Transductions --- Signal Pathway --- Signal Transduction Pathway --- Signal Transduction System --- Signal Transduction, Receptor-Mediated --- Signal Transductions --- Signal Transductions, Receptor-Mediated --- System, Signal Transduction --- Systems, Signal Transduction --- Transduction, Signal --- Transductions, Signal --- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell --- Receptor Cross-Talk --- Feedback, Physiological --- Gasotransmitters --- Cellular signal transduction --- Cellular signal transduction. --- Cell physiology. --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Transduction du signal cellulaire. --- Interaction --- Interaction. --- Physiologie. --- Cell Physiological Phenomenon --- Cell Physiological Process --- Physiology, Cell --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Cell Physiology --- Phenomena, Cell Physiological --- Phenomenon, Cell Physiological --- Physiological Process, Cell --- Physiological Processes, Cell --- Process, Cell Physiological --- Processes, Cell Physiological --- Cells --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Cellular information transduction --- Information transduction, Cellular --- Signal transduction, Cellular --- Bioenergetics --- Information theory in biology --- physiology

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Electromagnetic Phenomena --- Complementary Therapies --- Cell Communication --- Physical Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Therapeutics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Phenomena and Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Phenomenon --- Cell Physiological Process --- Physiology, Cell --- Cell Physiology --- Phenomena, Cell Physiological --- Phenomenon, Cell Physiological --- Physiological Process, Cell --- Physiological Processes, Cell --- Process, Cell Physiological --- Processes, Cell Physiological --- Cells --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Physical Phenomenon --- Physical Process --- Physical Concepts --- Physical Processes --- Concept, Physical --- Concepts, Physical --- Phenomena, Physical --- Phenomenon, Physical --- Physical Concept --- Process, Physical --- Processes, Physical --- Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interaction --- Cell Communications --- Cell Interactions --- Cell to Cell Interaction --- Cell-to-Cell Interactions --- Communication, Cell --- Communications, Cell --- Interaction, Cell --- Interaction, Cell-to-Cell --- Interactions, Cell --- Interactions, Cell-to-Cell --- Alternative Therapies --- Therapy, Alternative --- Therapy, Complementary --- Alternative Medicine --- Complementary Medicine --- Medicine, Alternative --- Medicine, Complementary --- Therapies, Alternative --- Therapies, Complementary --- Electrical Phenomena --- Electrical Phenomenon --- Electromagnetic Phenomenon --- Electromagnetics --- Electrical Concepts --- Electromagnetic Concepts --- Concept, Electrical --- Concept, Electromagnetic --- Concepts, Electrical --- Concepts, Electromagnetic --- Electrical Concept --- Electromagnetic Concept --- Electromagnetic Phenomenas --- Phenomena, Electrical --- Phenomena, Electromagnetic --- Phenomenon, Electrical --- Phenomenon, Electromagnetic --- physiology --- therapy