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The fight against corruption emerged as one of the most significant issues during the 2004 enlargement of the EU and gained even more importance with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007. In order to prepare candidate countries for membership, the EU found it necessary to create new institutions and mechanisms to address corruption. Patrycja Szarek-Mason traces the development of the EU anti-corruption framework, showing how recent enlargements transformed EU policy and highlighting inequities between the treatment of candidate countries and existing Member States. The experience gained during the 2004 enlargement led to a more robust anti-corruption stance during the accession of Bulgaria and Romania and will have implications for future enlargements of the EU. However, the framework can still be strengthened to address corruption adequately and promote higher standards among Member States, especially through greater use of 'soft law' in the form of mutually agreed, non-legally binding policy recommendations.
Political corruption --- Fraud --- European Union --- European Union. --- #SBIB:35H52 --- #SBIB:327.7H232 --- Boss rule --- Corruption (in politics) --- Graft in politics --- Malversation --- Political scandals --- Politics, Practical --- Corruption --- Misconduct in office --- Ethiek van bestuur en beleid --- Europese Unie: binnenlands beleid en justitie --- Corrupt practices --- E.U. --- Political corruption - European Union countries --- Fraud - European Union countries --- Pologne --- Bulgarie --- Roumanie --- Law --- General and Others
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With almost a quarter of the world's migrants, Europe has been attempting to regulate migration and harmonize immigration policy at the European level. The central dilemma exposed is how liberal democracies can reconcile the need to control the movement of people with the desire to promote open borders, free markets and liberal standards. Gallya Lahav's book traces ten years of public opinion and elite attitudes toward immigration cross-nationally to show how and why increasing EU integration may not necessarily lead to more open immigration outcomes. Empirical evidence reveals that support from both elite and public opinion has led to the adoption of restrictive immigration policies despite the requirements of open borders. Unique in bringing together original data on European legislators and national elites, longitudinal data on public opinion and institutional and policy analyses, this 2004 study provides an important insight into the processes of European integration, and globalization more broadly.
Migration. Refugees --- European Union --- Immigrants --- Public opinion --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Opinion publique --- Elite (Sciences sociales) --- Public opinion. --- Government policy --- Attitudes. --- Politique gouvernementale --- Attitudes --- European Union countries --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Emigration and immigration --- Emigration et immigration --- #SBIB:044.AANKOOP --- #SBIB:327.7H232 --- #SBIB:35H431 --- #SBIB:314H252 --- Europese Unie: binnenlands beleid en justitie --- Beleidssectoren: binnenlands beleid en justitie --- Internationale migratie --- Pays de l'Union européenne --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Government policy&delete& --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Persons --- Aliens --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Europe --- Social Sciences --- Political Science --- IMMIGRANTS --- PAYS DE L'UNION EUROPEENNE --- OPINION PUBLIQUE --- POLITIQUE GOUVERNEMENTALE
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