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After World War II, with the triumph of multilateralism, several international organizations were created, including two which would be of special importance for the external funding of the Portuguese economy in the second half of the twentieth century and in the early twenty-first. The European Union and the International Monetary Fund have been responsible for providing large amounts of funding, both in periods of economic development and during times of financial crisis. This contributory volume provides a thorough analysis on specific case studies: the Marshall Plan (1949-1952); the three IMF interventions (in the seventies, eighties and the 2011 bailout); the implementation of the first EU funds Portugal received prior to accession; and the debate on the new framework for European funds for the period 2021-2027. These case study analyses provide an overview of the legal, economic and financial implications that such external funding has on the country at different times and in different economic contexts. Of particular import at all times is the public finance legal framework, and this is especially the case for the new European funding structures, which has attracted some criticism. And for any future IMF financial assistance and its political implementation implications. Portuguese Economic Development and External Funding in the Modern Era provides important insights into economic development, crisis management, financial assistance and European investment funds. While the work is Portuguese-centred, the topics investigated and the means of analysis adopted are applicable to other countries. This is the first book to address economic development and external funding, and it will inevitably be used as a template for future research.

Marshall Plan.

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L'histoire des aides américaines à la France de 1938 à 1960 reflète l'état de la France au tournant du XXe siècle : une grande puissance européenne en déclin. De 1941 à 1951, la France a voulu des aides américaines pour vivre mieux et pour recréer un appareil productif digne de ce nom. Elle a ensuite réclamé une aide pour maintenir sa puissance en Indochine et en Afrique du Nord. Si ce constat de dépendance est éprouvant pour les Français, c'est une réalité dont les conséquences sont encore palpables aujourd'hui. Ne parle-t-on pas encore et toujours d'ingérence américaine, d'américanisation et, en réaction, d'exception française et d'identité européenne ? En définitive, quel rôle ont joué les aides américaines dans le rétablissement économique, social et militaire de la France après la seconde guerre mondiale et au-delà jusque dans les années 60 ? Réclamées en même temps qu'occultées tout au long de ces années par les acteurs de la vie politique française, les aides américaines méritaient une réflexion globale. Gérard Bossuat dans cet essai de synthèse nous propose son analyse. The history of American aid to France during the period from 1938 to 1960 reflects the state of France at the turn of the 20th century: a great European power in decline. Between 1941 and 1951, France wanted American aid in order to improve its standard of living and to rebuild a manufacturing sector worthy of the name. It then sought aid in order to maintain its power in Indochina and in North Africa. Although this acknowledgment of their country’s dependence is painful for the French people, it is a reality whose consequences are still palpable today. Do we not still constantly talk about American interference and Americanisation and, as a reaction, about France as an exception and European identity? In the final analysis, what role did American aid play in France’s economic, social and military recovery after the Second World War and beyond, right up to the 1960s? American aid, which was…

International economic relations --- Polemology --- United States --- France --- Business & Economics --- Economic History --- Marshall Plan. --- European Recovery Program --- ERP (European Recovery Program) --- Marshall Plan, 1948-1952 --- Schedio Marsal --- histoire économique et financière --- régime de Vichy --- OTAN --- relations franco-américaines --- plan Marshall --- Plan --- finances publiques --- IVe République --- United States of America

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La chute du communisme et l’effondrement économique des pays de l’Est ont donné au Plan Marshall du relief, voire de l’actualité : les responsables économiques et politiques ne se lassent pas d’interroger, à la lumière de la nouvelle donne mondiale, ce transfert financier et idéologique qui contribua, en grande partie, au redressement de l’Europe d’après-guerre. Quarante-cinq ans plus tard, il était plus que temps de dresser un état sérieux de cette question, jamais traitée dans son ensemble. Les spécialistes - historiens, économistes, responsables politiques - qui ont participé au colloque international qui lui fut consacré à Bercy sous l’égide du Comité pour l’histoire économique et financière, livrent ici leurs études et leurs réflexions. Ne se limitant pas à l’Europe et aux États-Unis, mais débordant aussi sur l’Extrême-Orient, celles-ci couvrent tous les aspects du Plan Marshall : économiques, industriels, financiers, mais aussi politiques, diplomatiques ou idéologiques...

International economic relations --- Europe --- History of France --- anno 1700-1799 --- #BUAR:bibl.de Bock --- 339.96 <4> <73> --- politique economique --- planification economique --- histoire economique --- europe --- congres --- AA / International- internationaal --- 335.6 --- NBB congres --- economisch beleid --- economische planning --- economische geschiedenis --- europa --- congressen --- Liquidatie van de oorlogseconomie: economische demobilisatie en herstel. Marshall Plan. --- Histoire économique --- --1945-1950 --- --Plan Marshall --- --Colloque --- --1991 --- --Bercy --- 3478 --- Marshall Plan --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Economic conditions --- Conditions économiques --- Economic assistance [American ] --- 1945 --- -Congresses --- Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Europa --- Congresses. --- Liquidatie van de oorlogseconomie: economische demobilisatie en herstel. Marshall Plan --- --Marshall Plan --- Plan Marshall --- Colloque --- Bercy --- Economics --- History --- plan Marshall --- histoire économique --- après-guerre --- EUROPE --- MARSHALL (PLAN) --- FRANCE --- ITALIE --- BELGIQUE --- BULGARIE --- TCHECOSLOVAQUIE --- U.R.S.S. --- MONNET (JEAN), ECONOMISTE FRANCAIS, 1888-1979 --- UNION EUROPEENNE DES PAIEMENTS --- ALLEMAGNE --- PAYS-BAS --- BENELUX --- SUISSE --- TURQUIE --- GRECE --- NORVEGE --- JAPON --- COREE --- CONDITIONS ECONOMIQUES --- 20E SIECLE --- HISTOIRE --- POLITIQUE ET GOUVERNEMENT --- 1944-1958 --- 1945-1976 --- 1944-1951 --- 1878-1944 --- 1936-1953 --- BIOGRAPHIE --- RELATIONS EXTERIEURES --- ETATS UNIS --- BIOGRAPHIES --- -CONDITIONS ECONOMIQUES --- -POLITIQUE ECONOMIQUE --- 19E-20E SIECLES --- IMPOT SUR LE REVENU --- IMPOTS --- FINANCES PUBLIQUES --- REVENUS DE L'ETAT --- DROIT FISCAL --- 18E SIECLE --- ADMINISTRATION ET PROCEDURE --- ANCIEN REGIME --- POLITIQUE FISCALE --- POLITIQUE ECONOMIQUE

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During the Cold War, American labour organizations were at the centre of the battle for the hearts and minds of working people. At a time when trade unions were a substantial force in both American and European politics, the fiercely anti-communist American Federation of Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL–CIO) set a strong example for labour organizations overseas. The AFL–CIO cooperated closely with the US government on foreign policy and enjoyed an intimate, if sometimes strained, relationship with the CIA. The activities of its international staff, and especially the often secretive work of Jay Lovestone and Irving Brown—whose biographies read like characters plucked from a Le Carré novel—exerted a major influence on relationships in Europe and beyond. Having mastered the enormous volume of correspondence and other records generated by staffers Lovestone and Brown, Carew presents a lively and clear account of what has largely been an unknown dimension of the Cold War. In impressive detail, Carew maps the international programs of the AFL–CIO during the Cold War and its relations with labour organizations abroad, in addition to providing a summary of the labour situation of a dozen or more countries including Finland, France, Italy, Germany, Japan, Greece, and India. American Labour’s Cold War Abroad reveals how the Cold War compelled trade unionists to reflect on the role of unions in a free society. Yet there was to be no meeting of minds on this, and at the end of the 1960s the AFL–CIO broke with the mainstream of the international labour movement to pursue its own crusade against communism.

Labor movement --- History. --- Cold War --- International labor activities --- Labor activities, International --- Labor unions --- World politics --- History --- International cooperation --- AFL-CIO --- AFT-KPP --- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations. --- Amerikanskai︠a︡ federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ truda-Kongress proizvodstvennykh profsoi︠u︡zov --- American Federation of Labor --- Congress of Industrial Organizations (U.S.) --- Cold War (1945-1989) --- E-books --- Anti-communist movements --- Political activity --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Anti-communist resistance --- Underground, Anti-communist --- Communism --- Industrial unions --- Labor, Organized --- Labor organizations --- Organized labor --- Trade-unions --- Unions, Labor --- Unions, Trade --- Working-men's associations --- Societies --- Central labor councils --- Guilds --- Syndicalism --- vakbonden --- Koude Oorlog --- Verenigde Staten --- Africa --- Irving Brown --- trade unions --- American Federation of Labour --- George Meany --- UK --- Jay Lovestone --- Marshall Plan --- CIA --- communism --- France --- US --- AFT-KPP (Amerikanskai︠a︡ federat︠s︡ii︠a︡ truda-Kongress proizvodstvennykh profsoi︠u︡zov) --- American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations --- Verenigde Staten.

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This volume has as its focus the role of the Marshall Plan as both a force in the transformation of European Economic practices and a stimulus to political integration in Europe. This organizing theme is framed in terms of two other issues that are central to contemporary debates in international political economy and geopolitical studies: the origins and development of the Cold War, and the growing globalisation of the world economy. In relating the Marshall Plan to these issues, this book goes beyond the typical diplomatic history approach to place the Plan in the context of both the politic

MARSHALL PLAN --- RECONSTRUCTION (1939-1951) --- ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE, AMERICAN--EUROPE--HISTORY --- EUROPE--ECONOMIC CONDITIONS --- Reconstruction (1939-1951) --- Economic assistance, American --- History. --- Marshall Plan. --- American economic assistance --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Reconstruction --- European Recovery Program --- ERP (European Recovery Program) --- Marshall Plan, 1948-1952 --- Schedio Marsal --- Mutual security program, 1951 --- -World War, 1939-1945 --- Postwar reconstruction --- United States --- Great Britain --- Foreign economic relations --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU