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Cardiovascular system --- Developing Countries. --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Cardiovascular Diseases. --- Appareil cardiovasculaire --- Diseases --- Prevention --- prevention & control. --- Maladies --- Prévention --- Prevention. --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Disease, Cardiovascular --- Diseases, Cardiovascular --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Circulatory system --- Vascular system --- Cardiology --- Blood --- Circulation --- Developing Countries --- prevention & control --- Diseases. --- Maladies. --- Cardiovascular diseases --- Adverse Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Events --- Major Adverse Cardiac Events --- Adverse Cardiac Events --- Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Event, Adverse --- Cardiac Events, Adverse --- Event, Cardiac --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country

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Cardiovascular system --- Cardiovascular Diseases --- Developing Countries --- Diseases --- Prevention --- Prevention. --- prevention & control --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Cardiovascular Disease --- Disease, Cardiovascular --- Diseases, Cardiovascular --- Circulatory system --- Vascular system --- Cardiology --- Blood --- Circulation --- Health Sciences --- cardiovascular disease --- cardiovascular surveillance --- cardiovascular health promotion --- public health --- low resource settings --- Developing Countries. --- prevention & control. --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Adverse Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Events --- Major Adverse Cardiac Events --- Adverse Cardiac Events --- Cardiac Event --- Cardiac Event, Adverse --- Cardiac Events, Adverse --- Event, Cardiac

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When is clinical research in developing countries exploitation? Exploitation is a concept in ordinary moral thought that has not often been analyzed outside the Marxist tradition. Yet it is commonly used to describe interactions that seem morally suspect in some way. A case in point is clinical research sponsored by developed countries and carried out in developing countries, with participants who are poor and sick, and lack education. Such individuals seem vulnerable to abuse. But does this, by itself, make such research exploitative? Exploitation and Developing Countries is an attempt by philosophers and bioethicists to reflect on the meaning of exploitation, to ask whether and when clinical research in developing countries counts as exploitative, and to consider what can be done to minimize the possibility of exploitation in such circumstances. These reflections should interest clinical researchers, since locating the line between appropriate and inappropriate use of subjects--the line between exploitation and fair use--is the central question at the heart of research ethics. Reflection on this rich and important moral concept should also interest normative moral philosophers of a non-Marxist bent. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Richard J. Arneson, Alisa L. Carse, Margaret Olivia Little, Thomas Pogge, Andrew W. Siegel, and Alan Wertheimer.

Clinical trials --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Controlled clinical trials --- Patient trials of new treatments --- Randomized clinical trials --- Trials, Clinical --- Études cliniques --- Pulmonary Surfactants. --- Human Experimentation --- Hepatitis A Vaccines. --- Developing Countries. --- Clinical Trials as Topic --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- Havrix --- Hepatitis A Vaccine --- Hepatovirus Vaccines --- Vaqta --- Vaccine, Hepatitis A --- Vaccines, Hepatitis A --- Vaccines, Hepatovirus --- Pulmonary Surfactant --- Surfactant, Pulmonary --- Surfactants, Pulmonary --- Surface-Active Agents --- Clinical medicine --- Human experimentation in medicine --- Aspect social --- ethics. --- Research --- Developing Countries --- Hepatitis A Vaccines --- Pulmonary Surfactants --- Études cliniques --- ethics --- Clinical trials - Moral and ethical aspects - Developing countries --- Clinical Trials as Topic - ethics --- Human Experimentation - ethics --- Études cliniques - Aspect social - Pays en voie de développement

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This work synthesises research from various disciplines to explore how international trade liberalisation affects reproductive health and rights, reviewing both direct and indirect linkages and using case studies from Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and Mexico.

Free trade --- Women --- Women's rights --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Health and hygiene --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Developing countries: economic development problems --- Hygiene. Public health. Protection --- Developing countries --- Reproductive Rights --- Women's Rights --- Developing Countries. --- Reproductive Health Services --- Women's Health --- Human rights --- Gender studies: women --- Economics --- Birth control, contraception, family planning --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- LMICs --- Less-Developed Countries --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Countries, Third-World --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- economics. --- Reproductive health --- Trade --- International --- Migration --- Labour market --- Reproductive rights --- Employment opportunities --- Book --- Globalization --- Economy

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Many patients who present to district (first-referral) level hospitals require surgical treatment for trauma, obstetric, abdominal or orthopedic emergencies. Often surgery cannot be safely postponed to allow their transfer to a secondary or tertiary-level hospital but many district hospitals in developing countries have no specialist surgical teams and are staffed by medical, nursing, and paramedical personnel who perform a wide range of surgical procedures often with inadequate training. The quality of surgical and acute care is often further constrained by poor facilities, inadequate low-technology apparatus and limited supplies of drugs, materials, and other essentials. The mission of the team responsible for Clinical Procedures in the World Health Organization Department of Essential Health Technologies (EHT) is to promote the quality of clinical care through the identification, promotion and standardization of appropriate procedures, equipment and materials, particularly at district hospital level. WHO/BCT has identified education and training as a particular priority, especially for non-specialist practitioners who practice surgery and anesthesia. It has therefore developed Surgical Care at the District Hospital as a practical resource for individual practitioners and for use in undergraduate and postgraduate programs in-service training and continuing medical education programs. The manual is a successor of three earlier publications that are widely used throughout the world and that remain important reference texts: General Surgery at the District Hospital (WHO 1988), Surgery at the District Hospital: Obstetrics Gynecology Orthopedics and Traumatology (WHO 1991), Anesthesia at the District Hospital (WHO 1988; second edition 2000). This new manual draws together material from these three publications into a single volume which includes new and updated material, as well as material from Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Guide for Midwives and Doctors (WHO 2000).

Hospitals, District --- Anesthesia --- Developing Countries --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- General Surgery --- Anesthesia and Analgesia --- Hospitals, Public --- International Cooperation --- Specialties, Surgical --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Hospitals --- Internationality --- Medicine --- Health Occupations --- Health Facilities --- Social Sciences --- Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena --- Health Care --- Surgery, Operative. --- Obstetrics --- Wounds and injuries --- Anesthesia. --- Administration. --- Surgery. --- Anaesthesia --- Trauma surgery --- Obstetrics, Operative --- Operative obstetrics --- Operative surgery --- Surgery --- Surgical techniques --- Hospital administration --- Hospital management --- Technique --- Management and regulation --- Anesthesiology --- Analgesia --- Health services administration --- Management --- Methods --- Surgical procedures [Operative ] --- Organization and administration --- Developing Countries. --- organization & administration. --- methods. --- Developing Nations --- Least Developed Countries --- Less-Developed Nations --- Third-World Nations --- Under-Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Countries --- Third-World Countries --- Under-Developed Countries --- Countries, Developing --- Countries, Least Developed --- Countries, Less-Developed --- Countries, Third-World --- Countries, Under-Developed --- Country, Developing --- Country, Least Developed --- Country, Less-Developed --- Country, Third-World --- Country, Under-Developed --- Developed Countries, Least --- Developed Country, Least --- Developing Country --- Developing Nation --- Least Developed Country --- Less Developed Countries --- Less Developed Nations --- Less-Developed Country --- Less-Developed Nation --- Nation, Less-Developed --- Nation, Third-World --- Nation, Under-Developed --- Nations, Developing --- Nations, Less-Developed --- Nations, Third-World --- Nations, Under-Developed --- Third World Countries --- Third World Nations --- Third-World Country --- Third-World Nation --- Under Developed Countries --- Under Developed Nations --- Under-Developed Country --- Under-Developed Nation --- LMICs --- Low Income Countries --- Low and Middle Income Countries --- Lower-Middle-Income Country --- Middle Income Countries --- Countries, Middle Income --- Country, Low Income --- Country, Lower-Middle-Income --- Country, Middle Income --- Low Income Country --- Lower Middle Income Country --- Lower-Middle-Income Countries --- Middle Income Country