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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are particles wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane and are naturally released from cells. This kind of cargo vessel is a nanostructure that mainly transfers lipids, proteins, various nucleic acid fragments, and metabolic components to neighboring cells or distant parts of the body through the circulatory system. EVs are of great significance to the communication mechanism between cells. This book collects feature articles to enhance our understanding of the biological characteristics of EVs and their potential applications.

extracellular vesicle --- precision oncology --- cancer biomarker --- prostate cancer --- drug delivery --- extracellular vesicles --- lysosome --- nanocarriers --- ultrasound --- size exclusion chromatography --- differential ultracentrifugation --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) --- exosomes --- cancer --- biomarker --- diagnostic --- therapy --- liquid biopsy --- small extracellular vesicles (sEV) --- tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) --- melanoma cell-derived exosomes (MTEX) --- proteomics --- tumor microenvironment --- biomarkers --- ectosomes --- neoplasia --- microvesicles --- small extracellular vesicles --- isolation --- purification --- size-exclusion chromatography --- ultracentrifugation --- sucrose density cushion --- lymph node --- spleen --- solid tissue --- microvesicle --- exosome --- cancer therapeutic --- drug carrier --- flow cytometry --- immunophenotyping --- swarm detection --- tumor-associated macrophages --- macrophage polarization --- mannose receptor --- HIV-1 Nef --- glioblastoma --- microRNA --- immunoprecipitation --- CD44 --- human milk --- nutrient --- microbiota --- microRNAs --- nanocommunicator --- diagnostic biomarker --- drug delivery vehicle --- personalized cancer immunotherapy --- therapeutic agents --- cell-to-cell communication --- ionising radiation --- non-targeted effects --- signalling --- imaging flow cytometry --- biomarker reservoirs --- cancer diagnostics --- disease monitoring --- large EVs --- ovarian cancer cells --- ES-2 --- OAW-42 --- adipose tissue origin mesenchymal stem cells --- n/a

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Analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC) is a powerful method for the characterization of polymers, biopolymers, polyelectrolytes, nanoparticles, dispersions, and other colloidal systems. The method is able to determine the molar mass, the particle size, the particle density and interaction parameters like virial coefficients and association constants. Because AUC is also a fractionation method, the determination of the molar mass distribution, the particle size distribution, and the particle density distribution is possible. A special technique, the density gradient method, allows fractionating heterogeneous samples according to their chemical nature that means being able to detect chemical heterogeneity. The book is divided into chapters concerning instrumentation, sedimentation velocity runs, density gradient runs, application examples and future developments. In particular, the detailed application chapter demonstrates the versatility and power of AUC by means of many interesting and important industrial examples. Thus the book concentrates on practical aspects rather than details of centrifugation theory. Both authors have many years of experience in an industrial AUC research laboratory of a world leading chemical company.

Ultracentrifugation. --- Polymers --- Nanoparticles --- Analysis. --- Nanostructured materials --- Particles --- Centrifugation --- Polymers. --- Analytical biochemistry. --- Nanotechnology. --- Biochemistry. --- Polymer Sciences. --- Analytical Chemistry. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Analytic biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Analytic --- Polymere --- Polymeride --- Polymers and polymerization --- Macromolecules --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Composition --- Bioanalytic chemistry --- Bioanalytical chemistry --- Analytical chemistry --- Polymers  . --- Analytical chemistry. --- Condensed matter. --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Analysis, Chemical --- Analytic chemistry --- Chemical analysis

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The self-assembly process underlies a plethora of natural phenomena from the macro to the nano scale. Often, technological development has found great inspiration in the natural world, as evidenced by numerous fabrication techniques based on self-assembly (SA). One striking example is given by epitaxial growths, in which atoms represent the building blocks. In lithography, the use of self-assembling materials is considered an extremely promising patterning option to overcome the size scale limitations imposed by the conventional photolithographic methods. To this purpose, in the last two decades several supramolecular self-assembling materials have been investigated and successfully applied to create patterns at a nanometric scale. Although considerable progress has been made so far in the control of self-assembly processes applied to nanolithography, a number of unresolved problems related to the reproducibility and metrology of the self-assembled features are still open. Addressing these issues is mandatory in order to allow the widespread diffusion of SA materials for applications such as microelectronics, photonics, or biology. In this context, the aim of the present Special Issue is to gather original research papers and comprehensive reviews covering various aspects of the self-assembly processes applied to nanopatterning. Topics include the development of novel SA methods, the realization of nanometric structures and devices, and the improvement of their long-range order. Moreover, metrology issues related to the nanoscale characterization of self-assembled structures are addressed.

block copolymer self-assembly --- analytical ultracentrifugation --- tannic acid --- 3D printing --- nano-resolution --- arbitrary distribution --- multimaterials --- deposition surface --- rapidity --- large scale --- conjugated polymers --- polyfullerenes --- processing by convective self-assembly --- thin films and microstructure --- photoluminescence quenching --- block copolymers --- self-assembly --- polymer interface --- nanostructure metrology --- line edge roughness LER --- (S)TEM --- STEM-EELS of PS and PMMA --- directed self-assembly --- nanospheres lithography --- colloidal nanospheres --- direct laser-writing --- directed self-assembly (DSA) --- block copolymers (BCPs) --- chemo-epitaxy --- polystyrene-block-polymethylmethacrylate (PS-b-PMMA) --- line/space patterning --- line edge roughness (LER) --- line width roughness (LWR) --- sequential infiltration synthesis --- block copolymer --- nanoparticles --- colloidal clusters --- colloidal molecules --- sedimentation --- separation --- classification of nanoparticles --- analytical centrifugation --- differential centrifugal sedimentation --- disk centrifuge --- density gradient centrifugation