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Deterrence (Strategy) --- Iran --- Military policy --- Foreign relations

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The aim of imprisonment is to prevent crime and enhance community safety by removing offenders from the public sphere and deterring potential offenders, as well as meeting society’s need for reparation and retribution for crimes committed. However, while a period of imprisonment may deter some people from re-offending, it can also foster in others further criminal behaviour. Since 1989, the imprisonment rate has increased by around two-thirds; currently almost 40 per cent of Australian prisoners released after serving their sentence return to jail within two years. This book examines crime and incarceration in Australia – does it work as deterrent or rehabilitation – or is it simply ineffective retribution? A range of opinions are presented, which canvas a number of justice issues including harsher sentencing and longer jail terms, overcrowding in prisons, tough-on-crime policies, public perceptions of crime and safety, indigenous over-representation, intervention programs and prison reforms. Does being tough on crime pay?

Crime --- Imprisonment --- Punishment in crime deterrence

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This volume is a collection of the 2014 papers from the Nuclear Scholars Initiative.

Nuclear weapons --- Nuclear nonproliferation --- Deterrence (Strategy) --- Government policy --- Testing

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This open access volume surveys the state of the field to examine whether a fifth wave of deterrence theory is emerging. Bringing together insights from world-leading experts from three continents, the volume identifies the most pressing strategic challenges, frames theoretical concepts, and describes new strategies. The use and utility of deterrence in today’s strategic environment is a topic of paramount concern to scholars, strategists and policymakers. Ours is a period of considerable strategic turbulence, which in recent years has featured a renewed emphasis on nuclear weapons used in defence postures across different theatres; a dramatic growth in the scale of military cyber capabilities and the frequency with which these are used; and rapid technological progress including the proliferation of long-range strike and unmanned systems. These military-strategic developments occur in a polarized international system, where cooperation between leading powers on arms control regimes is breaking down, states widely make use of hybrid conflict strategies, and the number of internationalized intrastate proxy conflicts has quintupled over the past two decades. Contemporary conflict actors exploit a wider gamut of coercive instruments, which they apply across a wider range of domains. The prevalence of multi-domain coercion across but also beyond traditional dimensions of armed conflict raises an important question: what does effective deterrence look like in the 21st century? Answering that question requires a re-appraisal of key theoretical concepts and dominant strategies of Western and non-Western actors in order to assess how they hold up in today’s world. Air Commodore Professor Dr. Frans Osinga is the Chair of the War Studies Department of the Netherlands Defence Academy and the Special Chair in War Studies at the University Leiden. Dr. Tim Sweijs is the Director of Research at The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies and a Research Fellow at the Faculty of Military Sciences of the Netherlands Defence Academy in Breda.

Public international law. --- Security, International. --- Political science. --- Public International Law . --- International Security Studies. --- Political Science and International Relations, general. --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- Law --- Public International Law --- International Security Studies --- Political Science and International Relations, general --- Politics and International Studies --- Deterrence theory --- Conventional deterrence --- Nuclear deterrence --- Deterring terrorists --- Cyber deterrence --- Cross-domain deterrence --- Non-Western deterrence concepts --- AI and deterrence --- Deterrence and peacekeeping --- Fifth wave deterrence theory --- Open access --- Politics & government --- International law.

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"The challenge of deterring territorial aggression, which for several decades has been an afterthought in U.S. strategy toward most regions of the world, is taking on renewed importance. An increasingly belligerent Russia is threatening Eastern Europe and the Baltic States with possible aggression, conventional and otherwise. China is pursuing its territorial ambitions in the East and South China Seas with greater force, including the construction of artificial islands and occasional bouts of outright physical intimidation. North Korea remains a persistent threat to the Republic of Korea (ROK), including the possibility of large-scale aggression using its rapidly advancing nuclear arsenal. Yet the discussion of deterrence-as a theory and practical policy requirement-has lagged in U.S. military and strategy circles. The authors aim to provide a fresh look at the subject in this context, with two primary purposes: to review established concepts about deterrence, and to provide a framework for evaluating the strength of deterrent relationships. For greater focus, they concentrate on a specific category or form of deterrence: extended deterrence of interstate aggression. The authors consider the requirements for the United States to deter potential aggressors abroad from attacking U.S. allies or other countries in large-scale conventional conflicts. Examples include Russian attacks on the Baltic States and a North Korean assault on the ROK. The study stems from a specific research question: What are the requirements of effective extended deterrence of large-scale military aggression? The focus is therefore on the criteria that tend to distinguish successful from unsuccessful efforts to deter interstate aggression."--

Deterrence (Strategy) --- Military policy --- Psychology, Military --- Strategy --- First strike (Nuclear strategy) --- Nuclear crisis stability