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A mind-expanding and myth-destroying exploration of notions of white race—not merely a skin color but also a signal of power, prestige, and beauty to be withheld and granted selectively Ever since the Enlightenment, race theory and its inevitable partner, racism, have followed a crooked road, constructed by dominant peoples to justify their domination of others. Filling a huge gap in historical literature that long focused on the non-white, eminent historian Nell Irvin Painter guides us through more than two thousand years of Western civilization, tracing not only the invention of the idea of race but also the frequent worship of “whiteness” for economic, social, scientific, and political ends. Our story begins in Greek and Roman antiquity, where the concept of race did not exist, only geography and the opportunity to conquer and enslave others. Not until the eighteenth century did an obsession with whiteness flourish, with the German invention of the notion of Caucasian beauty. This theory made northern Europeans into “Saxons,” “Anglo-Saxons,” and “Teutons,” envisioned as uniquely handsome natural rulers. Here was a worldview congenial to northern Europeans bent on empire. There followed an explosion of theories of race, now focusing on racial temperament as well as skin color. Spread by such intellectuals as Madame de Stael and Thomas Carlyle, white race theory soon reached North America with a vengeance. Its chief spokesman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, did the most to label Anglo-Saxons—icons of beauty and virtue—as the only true Americans. It was an ideal that excluded not only blacks but also all ethnic groups not of Protestant, northern European background. The Irish and Native Americans were out and, later, so were the Chinese, Jews, Italians, Slavs, and Greeks—all deemed racially alien. Did immigrations threaten the very existence of America? Americans were assumed to be white, but who among poor immigrants could become truly American? A tortured and convoluted series of scientific explorations developed—theories intended to keep Anglo-Saxons at the top: the ever-popular measurement of skulls, the powerful eugenics movement, and highly biased intelligence tests—all designed to keep working people out and down. As Painter reveals, power—supported by economics, science, and politics—continued to drive exclusionary notions of whiteness until, deep into the twentieth century, political realities enlarged the category of truly American. A story filled with towering historical figures, The History of White People forcefully reminds us that the concept of one white race is a recent invention. The meaning, importance, and realty of this all-too-human thesis of race have buckled under the weight of a long and rich unfolding of events.

Whites --- Race identity --- History. --- United States --- Race relations. --- Blancs --- États-Unis --- Identité collective --- Histoire --- Relations interethniques

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Archaeology and history --- Archéologie et histoire --- United States --- Etats-Unis --- History, Local --- Sources --- Antiquities --- Histoire locale --- Antiquités --- Archéologie et histoire --- Antiquités --- Sources.

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Antiquities. --- Archaeology and history --- Archaeology and history. --- Archéologie et histoire --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Historic sites --- Lieux historiques --- Interpretive programs --- Interpretive programs. --- Programmes d'interprétation --- United States --- United States. --- États-Unis --- Antiquités.

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"The Twenty-First Edition has continued the trend to revise methods as issues are identified and contains further refined quality assurance requirements in a number of Parts [sic] and new data on precision and bias. New methods have been added in Parts 2000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, and 9000, and numerous methods have been revised. Details of these changes appear on the reverse of the title page for each part."--Pref. p. iv.

Water Microbiology. --- Déchets industriels. --- Pollution de l'eau. --- Analyse de l'eau. --- Abwasseranalyse. --- Untersuchung (Medizin) --- Wasseranalyse. --- Wassergüte. --- Materials testing. --- Methods Application --- Physical Properties --- Etats-Unis d'Amérique. --- Untersuchung (Medizin). --- Methods Application. --- Physical Properties. --- Afvalwateranalyse. --- Eau --- Eaux usées --- Sewage --- Water Pollution. --- Water Supply. --- Water --- Wateranalyse. --- Analyse. --- Analysis. --- analysis. --- Monograph

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Terrorism --- Security, International --- Human rights --- September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 --- Terrorisme --- Sécurité internationale --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Attentats du 11 septembre 2001, Etats-Unis --- Prevention --- Influence --- Prévention --- Human Rights --- 11 septembre 2001, Attentats du (États-Unis) --- Human rights. --- Security, International. --- Terrorism. --- Influence. --- Prevention. --- Sécurité internationale --- Prévention --- Anti-terrorism --- Antiterrorism --- Counter-terrorism --- Counterterrorism --- Acts of terrorism --- Attacks, Terrorist --- Global terrorism --- International terrorism --- Political terrorism --- Terror attacks --- Terrorist acts --- Terrorist attacks --- World terrorism --- Direct action --- Insurgency --- Political crimes and offenses --- Subversive activities --- Political violence --- Terror --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- Basic rights --- Civil rights (International law) --- Rights, Human --- Rights of man --- Human security --- Transitional justice --- Truth commissions --- Law and legislation --- Terrorism - Prevention --- September 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 - Influence --- Droit --- Mesures de sûreté (droit pénal) --- Droits de l'homme (droit international) --- Philosophie --- Lutte contre --- 21e siècle