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Every year a landslide disaster occurs somewhere in Europe. Destructive events are fortunately infrequent but when they do occur they are often tragic in their effects. Europe is heavily populated and development is expanding into areas where natural events are more likely to happen. Landslide Recognition is written by specialists from several European institutions and is designed to portray the diagnostic features of landslides as they would appear in the field, on maps or in photographs. Brief descriptions are provided and some guidance is given in the area in which different landslide types might be expected. This book will assist planners, developers, engineers and earth scientists to recognise where a problem may exist and to diagnose what type of failure may occur. The correct investigations and remedial measures may then be applied.

Landslides --- -Climatic changes --- -550.348.435 --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Land slides --- Landsliding --- Landslips --- Slides (Landslides) --- Mass-wasting --- Environmental aspects --- Geografie --- Fysische geografie --- Hellingsprocessen, Sedimenttransport en -Afzetting. --- 550.348.435 --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change --- Europe

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A top priority in climate research is obtaining broad-extent and long-term data to support analyses of historical patterns and trends, and for model development and evaluation. Along with directly measured climate data from the present and recent past, it is important to obtain estimates of long past climate variations spanning multiple centuries and millennia. These longer time perspectives are needed for assessing the unusualness of recent climate changes, as well as for providing insight on the range, variation and overall dynamics of the climate system over time spans exceeding available records from instruments, such as rain gauges and thermometers.   Tree rings have become increasingly valuable in providing this long-term information because extensive data networks have been developed in temperate and boreal zones of the Earth, and quantitative methods for analyzing these data have advanced. Tree rings are among the most useful paleoclimate information sources available because they provide a high degree of chronological accuracy, high replication, and extensive spatial coverage spanning recent centuries. With the expansion and extension of tree-ring data and analytical capacity new climatic insights from tree rings are being used in a variety of applications, including for interpretation of past changes in ecosystems and human societies.   This volume presents an overview of the current state of dendroclimatology, its contributions over the last 30 years, and its future potential. The material included is useful not only to those who generate tree-ring records of past climate-dendroclimatologists, but also to users of their results-climatologists, hydrologists, ecologists and archeologists.   ˜With the pressing climatic questions of the 21st century demanding a deeper understanding of the climate system and our impact upon it, this thoughtful volume comes at critical moment. It will be of fundamental importance in not only guiding researchers, but in educating scientists and the interested lay person on the both incredible power and potential pitfalls of reconstructing climate using tree-ring analysis.', Glen M. MacDonald, UCLA Institute of the Environment, CA, USA   ˜This is an up-to-date treatment of all branches of tree-ring science, by the world's experts in the field, reminding us that tree rings are the most important source of proxy data on climate change.  Should be read by all budding dendrochronology scientists.', Alan Robock, Rutgers University, NJ, USA      

Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- General palaeontology --- Botany --- Archeology --- geografie --- archeologie --- paleontologie --- bomen --- klimaatverandering --- Dendroclimatology --- Climatic changes --- Dendroclimatologie --- Climat --- Measurement. --- Changements --- Mesure --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVECOLO LIVTERRE SPRINGER-B --- Climatology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Measurement --- Environmental aspects --- Global environmental change

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This book provides a major synthesis of evidence for past climate variability at the regional and continental scale across Europe and Africa. It focuses on two complementary time-scales, the Holocene (approximately the last 11,500 years) and the last glacial-interglacial cycle (approximately the last 130,000 years). An overview of the climate system of the past has never been attempted before on this scale, and, as such, the volume represents a benchmark for future research. It is written by an expert group of climate change scientists and presents an insight into past climate variability that challenges climatologists who seek to explain climate dynamics of the past and provides climate modellers with a work of reference for data-model comparison. The book is an advanced but very readable text essential for all students and scientists interested in global environmental change.

Climatic changes --- Paleoclimatology --- Climat --- Paléoclimatologie --- Changements --- Paleoclimatology. --- Klimaatveranderingen. --- Paleo-ecologie. --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Paléoclimatologie --- Geologic climate --- Palaeoclimatology --- Paleoclimate --- Climatology --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Environmental aspects --- Climate change. --- Geoecology. --- Environmental geology. --- Paleontology . --- Earth sciences. --- Climate Change. --- Geoecology/Natural Processes. --- Paleontology. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences --- Fossilogy --- Fossilology --- Palaeontology --- Paleontology, Zoological --- Paleozoology --- Historical geology --- Zoology --- Fossils --- Prehistoric animals in motion pictures --- Geoecology --- Environmental protection --- Physical geology --- Global environmental change --- Climatic changes - Europe --- Climatic changes - Africa --- Paleoclimatology - Europe --- Paleoclimatology - Africa

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Many dryland regions contain archaeological remains which suggest that there must have been intensive phases of settlement in what now seem to be dry and degraded environments. This book discusses successes and failures of past land use and settlement in drylands, and contributes to wider debates about desertification and the sustainability of dryland settlement.

Social archaeology --- Landscape archaeology --- Desertification --- Land settlement --- Arid regions agriculture --- Arid regions climate --- Archéologie sociale --- Archéologie du paysage --- Désertification --- Colonisation intérieure --- Agriculture des régions arides --- Climat aride --- History --- Histoire --- Social archaeology. --- Landscape archaeology. --- Human ecology. --- Deserts --- Land settlement patterns, Prehistoric --- Climatic changes --- Climatic changes. --- History. --- Social aspects --- Archéologie sociale --- Archéologie du paysage --- Désertification --- Colonisation intérieure --- Agriculture des régions arides --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Dryland agriculture --- Dryland farming --- Prehistoric land settlement patterns --- Resettlement --- Settlement of land --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Environmental aspects --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Agriculture --- Crop zones --- Desert reclamation --- Colonies --- Land use, Rural --- Human settlements --- Arid regions --- Landforms --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Archaeology --- Cultural landscapes --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Methodology --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Human ecology --- Global environmental change

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Each tree ring contains an image of the time when the ring formed, projected onto the ring's size, structure, and composition. Tree rings thus are natural archives of past environments, and contain records of past climate. While dendrochronologists have investigated the impact of climate on tree-ring growth by empirical–statistical methods, this volume presents a process-based model complementing previous approaches. Basic ideas concerning the biology of tree-ring growth and its control by environmental factors are treated, especially for conifers. The use of the model is illustrated by means of several examples from widely differing environments, and possible future directions for model development and application are discussed. The volume provides an improved mechanistic basis for the interpretation of tree rings as records of past climate. It advances process understanding of the large-scale environmental control of wood growth. As forests are the main carbon sink on land, the results are of great importance for all global change studies.

Conifers. --- Conifers-- Growth. --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Meteorology & Climatology --- Botany --- Fungi & Algae --- Plant Ecology --- Conifers --- Tree-rings. --- Xylem. --- Growth. --- Coniferae --- Coniferales --- Softwood trees --- Softwoods (Trees) --- Life sciences. --- Plant ecology. --- Forestry. --- Trees. --- Plant anatomy. --- Plant development. --- Climate change. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Ecology. --- Tree Biology. --- Climate Change. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Plant Anatomy/Development. --- Plant cells and tissues --- Vascular system of plants --- Growth (Plants) --- Trees --- Wood --- Dendrochronology --- Gymnosperms --- Evergreens --- Figure --- Climatic changes. --- Forests and forestry. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Forest land --- Forest lands --- Forest planting --- Forest production --- Forest sciences --- Forestation --- Forested lands --- Forestland --- Forestlands --- Forestry --- Forestry industry --- Forestry sciences --- Land, Forest --- Lands, Forest --- Silviculture --- Sylviculture --- Woodlands --- Woods (Forests) --- Agriculture --- Natural resources --- Afforestation --- Arboriculture --- Logging --- Timber --- Tree crops --- Plant structure --- Plants --- Structural botany --- Vegetable anatomy --- Anatomy --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic changes --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Dendrology --- Nursery stock --- Woody plants --- Forests and forestry --- Ecology --- Structure --- Environmental aspects --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry -- Forest Trees --- ALLW. --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Environmental monitoring. --- Development of plants --- Plant development --- Developmental biology --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Environmental quality --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Applied ecology --- Environmental engineering --- Pollution --- Ontogeny --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Floristic ecology --- Global environmental change --- Environment. --- Environmental Sciences. --- Environmental Monitoring. --- Plant Development. --- Development. --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology