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Costa Rica has a long-established humanitarian tradition as a country of asylum for refugees fleeing repressive regimes in other South American countries. Salvadorean refugees began arriving in Costa Rica in 1980, and many of them received assistance directed at making them self-sufficient. In Keeping Heads Above Water Tanya Basok focuses on the urban development programs funded and implemented by various international and domestic, governmental and non-governmental agencies. Basing her study on extensive field-work with Salvadorean refugees, she addresses the questions of why some small urban refugee enterprises failed, and how and why others survived and flourished.

Salvadorans --- Political refugees --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Salvadoreans --- Salvadorians --- Ethnology --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions.

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"During the violent years of war marking Cuba's final push for independence from Spain, over 3,000 Cuban emigres, men and women, rich and poor, fled to Mexico.... Mexico was a key site ... from which the expatriates helped launch a mobile and politically active Cuban diaspora around the Gulf of Mexico"--

Political refugees --- Cubans --- Ethnology --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Political activity --- History --- Caribbean Area --- Cuba

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The refugee question occupied centre stage at every political debate in Europe since 2015. Starting from the "long summer of migration", the polarization of opinions and attitudes towards asylum seekers among citizens of the EU has grown increasingly. The divergence between hospitality and hostility has also become evident in political reactions.

migrations --- asylum seekers --- refugees --- Europe --- polarization --- hospitality --- policy --- Germany --- Sweden --- Hungary --- Greece --- Italy --- Belgium --- cross-national

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Drawing on extensive ethnographic fieldwork, this study explores the ideas of belonging and citizenship among former pro-autonomy East Timorese who have elected to settle indefinitely in West Timor. The study follows different East Timorese groups and examines various ways they construct and negotiate their socio-political identities following the violent and destructive separation from their homeland. The East Timorese might have had Indonesia as their destination when they left the eastern half of the island in the aftermath of the referendum, but they have not relinquished their cultural identities as East Timorese. The study highlights the significance of the notions of origin, ancestry and alliance in our understanding of East Timorese place-making and belonging to a particular locality. Another feature of belonging that informs East Timorese identity is their narrative of sacrifice to maintain connections with their homeland and move on with their lives in Indonesia. These sacrificial narratives elaborate an East Timorese spirit of struggle and resilience, a feature further exemplified in the transformation of their political activities within the Indonesian political system.

Political refugees --- Timor-Leste --- Politics and government. --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- East Timor --- cultural identity --- ethnography --- Indonesia

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In the 1960's, Leipzig was the center of resistance in East Germany. Harald Fritzsch, then a physics student, contemplated escape. But before he left, he wanted to demonstrate to the government that they had gone too far when they destroyed St. Paul's Church in May 1968. He accomplished that by unrolling a protest transparency in spectacular fashion. Despite the great efforts of the secret police, the STASI, the government was unable to find out who was responsible for this act. Soon after, together with a friend, Fritzsch began his journey to Bulgaria in order to escape into Turkey by traversing...

Escapes --- Political refugees --- Asylum seekers --- Refugees, Political --- Refugees --- Fritzsch, Harald, --- Fritzsch, H. --- Germany (East) --- Politics and government. --- Germany.