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This book deals with polypyrazolylborates (scorpionates), a class of ligands known since 1966, but becoming rapidly popular with inorganic, organometallic and coordination chemists since 1986, because of their versatility and user-friendliness. They can be readily modified sterically and electronically through appropriate substitution on the pyrazole ring and on boron, and have led to a number of firsts in coordination chemistry (first stable CuCO complex, first monomeric MgR complex, and many other such firsts). Their denticity can range from two to four, their "Bite" can be adjusted, and add

Scorpionates. --- Pyrazoles. --- Azoles --- Polypyrazolylborates --- Organoboron compounds --- Pyrazoles

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B. R. Buckley and H. Heaney: Mechanistic Investigations of Copper(I)- Catalyzed Alkyne–Azide Cycloaddition Reactions.- J. D. Crowley and D. A. McMorran: “Click-Triazole” Coordination Chemistry: Exploiting 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazoles as Ligands.- S. Lee and A. H. Flood: Binding Anions in Rigid and Reconfigurable Triazole Receptors.- M. Watkinson: Click Triazoles as Chemosensors.- H.-F. Chow, C.-M. Lo and Y. Chen: Triazole-Based Polymer Gels.- T. Zheng, S. H. Rouhanifard, A. S. Jalloh, P. Wu: Click Triazoles for Bioconjugation.- S. Mignani, Y. Zhou, T. Lecourt and L. Micouin: Recent Developments in the Synthesis 1,4,5-Trisubstituted Triazoles.

Triazoles --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biochemistry --- Organic Chemistry --- Triazoles. --- Pyrimidines. --- Pyrrodiazoles --- Chemistry. --- Pharmacy. --- Organic chemistry. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Organic Chemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Heterocyclic compounds --- Azoles --- Chemistry, Organic. --- Biochemistry. --- Medicine --- Drugs --- Materia medica --- Pharmacology --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Organic chemistry --- Composition --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry

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Nitroazoles: Synthesis, Structure and Applications is devoted to the chemistry of nitroazoles, a series of heteroaromatic compounds. The azoles’s unique biological properties have attracted increasing attention from chemists as the nitro derivatives of azoles have found wide application in various fields of industrial chemistry, agriculture, and medicine. These applications include medical products such as azomycin, metronidazole, misonidazole, tinidazole, and nitazole; ionic liquids; high energy materials; precursors for nanocompounds; universal bases in peptide nucleic acids; plant growth regulators; and synthons for organic synthesis. This work is addressed to researchers in chemistry, physics, pharmaceutics, and biochemistry, as well as engineers and physicians (especially oncologists). This book can also be used as a textbook for post-doctorate students and graduate students in chemistry, biochemistry, medical pharmacology, agricultural bioapplications, and for all who wish to get acquainted with the chemistry and structure of nitroazoles.

Azoles. --- Nitro compounds. --- Pyrylium compounds. --- Azoles --- Nitro compounds --- Pyrylium compounds --- Organic Chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Heterocyclic chemistry. --- Heteroatomic chemistry --- Nitrated compounds --- Chemistry. --- Pharmacology. --- Bioorganic chemistry. --- Chemical engineering. --- Medicinal chemistry. --- Agriculture. --- Bioorganic Chemistry. --- Medicinal Chemistry. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Industrial Chemistry/Chemical Engineering. --- Chemistry, Organic --- Organonitrogen compounds --- Biochemistry. --- Toxicology. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Bio-organic chemistry --- Biological organic chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Chemistry, Industrial --- Engineering, Chemical --- Industrial chemistry --- Engineering --- Chemistry, Technical --- Metallurgy --- Chemicals --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Composition --- Toxicology --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Chemistry, Medical and pharmaceutical --- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical --- Drug chemistry --- Medical chemistry --- Medicinal chemistry --- Pharmacochemistry --- Physiological effect

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vaccine --- adjuvants --- Sporothrix schenckii --- toluene --- virulence --- enolase --- Montanide PetGel A --- Amphotericin B --- cutaneous leishmaniasis --- hydrogel --- wound dressing --- controlled release --- thermoreversible gel --- poloxamer 407 --- candidiasis --- amphotericin B --- skin and vaginal mucosa --- butenafine --- SNEDDS --- solid SNEDDS --- spray drying --- leishmaniasis --- design of experiments --- orodispersible films --- fast-dissolving films --- micelles --- fungal infections --- aspergillosis --- oral delivery --- chitosan --- shiitake --- Lentinula edodes --- AHCC® --- Molecular Envelope Technology --- praziquantel --- calcium carbonate --- schistosomiasis --- bioavailability --- solubility --- cytotoxicity --- fluconazole --- orthopedic infection --- Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) beads --- sustained release --- Leishmania infantum --- meglumine antimoniate --- Sepigel 305® --- topical treatment --- polymer micelles --- drug delivery --- liposomes --- transferosomes --- nanoparticles --- emulsions --- azoles --- combined therapy --- quality by design --- malaria --- trypanosomiasis

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The year 2010 marks the centennial for the identification of histamine and the first glimpse of its many physiological functions. From these initial findings a rich tapestry of research has uncovered roles for histamine in almost every physiological process with new findings emerging every year. These diverse roles of histamine have made for fertile ground for the discovery of novel therapeutics, and these drugs have been so successful that the term “antihistamine” has entered the common lexicon. This volume is an attempt to give a snapshot in time as to the current understanding of the role of histamine in just one important therapeutic area—inflammation. The first three chapters provide some background context for the rest of the book starting out with a historical perspective by Figueroa and Shankley. Bongers et al provide an overview of the pharmacology of the four histamine receptors and the chapter by Hiroshi Ohtsu describes how histamine is synthesized as well as the insights derived from mice where this synthesis is disrupted. The next several chapters discuss disease areas where histamine is known to be involved. Chapter 4 by Thomas Taylor-Clark outlines the role of histamine in allergic rhinitis, an area were antihistamines are commonly used. This is also true for ocular allergy as discussed by Ohbayashi et al. Both of these chapters highlight aspects of these conditions that are still not well-controlled and suggest the utility of new antihistamines targeting other histamine receptors.

Histamine. --- Histamine -- Metabolism. --- Histamine -- Physiological effect. --- Histamine -- Toxicology. --- Receptors, Histamine. --- Histamine --- Inflammation --- Pathologic Processes --- Immune System Diseases --- Ethylamines --- Histamine Agents --- Imidazoles --- Biogenic Monoamines --- Receptors, Biogenic Amine --- Autacoids --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Neurotransmitter Agents --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms --- Biogenic Amines --- Receptors, Neurotransmitter --- Azoles --- Amines --- Inflammation Mediators --- Receptors, Cell Surface --- Diseases --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Membrane Proteins --- Organic Chemicals --- Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action --- Physiological Effects of Drugs --- Biological Factors --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Pharmacologic Actions --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Histamine Antagonists --- Receptors, Histamine --- Hypersensitivity --- Physiology --- Physiological effect --- Pathophysiology --- Mediators --- Physiological effect. --- Pathophysiology. --- Mediators. --- Inflammatory mediators --- Mediators of inflammation --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Human Physiology. --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biomolecules --- Biogenic amines --- Antihistamines --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.