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Based on the annual Rhind Lectures delivered in May 2019, David J. Breeze presents six papers on Hadrian's Wall. He first considers the historiographical background before examining specific aspects: its purpose and operation; its later history; and life on and around the Wall. Finally, he considers the Wall today and some aspects of its future.

Hadrian's Wall (England) --- Great Britain --- Vallum (England) --- Wall of Hadrian (England) --- England --- History --- Antiquities

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Hadrian, --- Hadrien. --- Panhellénion. --- Greece --- Greece. --- Griechenland (Altertum) --- Grèce antique. --- Religion. --- Civilization.

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The Second Century occupies a central place in the development of ancient Christianity. The aim of the book is to examine how in the cultural, social, and religious efflorescence of the Second Century, to be witnessed in phenomena such as the Second Sophistic, Christianity found a peculiar way of integrating into the more general transformation of the Empire and how this allowed the emerging religion to establish and flourish in Graeco-Roman society. Hadrian's reign was the starting point of that process and opened new possibilities of self-definition and external self-presentation to Christianity, as well as to other social and religious agencies. Differently from Judaism, however, Christianity fully seized the opportunity, thus gaining an increasing place in Graeco-Roman society, which ultimately led to the first Christian peace under the Severan emperors. The point at issue is examined from a multi-disciplinary perspective (including archaeology, cultural, religious, and political history) to challenge well-established, but no longer satisfactory, historical and hermeneutical paradigms. The contributors aim to examine institutional issues and sociocultural processes in their different aspects, as they were made possible on Hadrian's initiative and resulted in the merge of early Christianity into the Roman Empire.

Church history --- Christianity and other religions --- Judaism --- Eglise --- Christianisme --- Judaïsme --- History --- Relations --- Christianity --- Histoire --- Hadrian, --- Rome --- Christianity and other religions -- Judaism -- History -- Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Church history -- Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. --- Geschichte 117-138. --- Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 76-138. --- Judaism -- Relations -- Christianity -- History -- Talmudic period, 10-425. --- Rome -- History -- Hadrian, 117-138. --- Religion --- Philosophy & Religion --- 27 "01" --- 937.07 --- Kerkgeschiedenis--?"01" --- Geschiedenis van Rome: constitutioneel keizerrijk van Augustus tot de soldatenkeizers--(31 v. Chr.-284 n. Chr.) --- 937.07 Geschiedenis van Rome: constitutioneel keizerrijk van Augustus tot de soldatenkeizers--(31 v. Chr.-284 n. Chr.) --- History. --- Judaïsme --- Apostolic Church --- Church, Apostolic --- Early Christianity --- Early church --- Primitive and early church --- Primitive Christianity --- Adrian, --- Hadrianus, --- Adriano, --- Hadrien, --- אדריאנוס, --- Jews --- Religions --- Semites --- Fathers of the church --- Great Apostasy (Mormon doctrine) --- Syncretism (Christianity) --- Christianity and Judaism. --- Christianity and Roman Empire. --- Early Christianity. --- Hadrian's Religious Policy. --- Hadrian, Roman Emperor. --- Geschichte 117-138 --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. --- Christianity and other religions - Judaism - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Judaism - Relations - Christianity - History - Talmudic period, 10-425. --- Hadrian, - Emperor of Rome, - 76-138. --- Rome - History - Hadrian, 117-138.

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Greetings, I ask that you send the things which I need for the use of my boys . . . which you well know I cannot properly get hold of here . . . --A Roman solider on the frontier of England around AD 100 Over three hundred letters and documents were recently discovered at the fort of Vindolanda, in Northern England, written on wooden tablets which have survived nearly 2,000 years. Painstakingly deciphered by Alan Bowman, the materials contribute a wealth of evidence for daily life in the Roman Empire. Military documents testify to the lifestyle of officers and soldiers stationed at Vindolanda,

Excavations (Archaeology) --- Fortification, Roman --- Frontier and pioneer life --- Hadrian's Wall (England). --- Inscriptions, Latin --- Romans --- Tablets (Paleography). --- Wooden tablets --- Vindolanda tablets. --- Vindolanda Site (Chesterholme, England). --- Great Britain --- Chesterholme (England) --- History, Military --- Antiquities, Roman. --- Tablets (Paleography) --- Waxen tablets --- Writing tablets --- Diptychs --- Inscriptions --- Paleography --- Writing materials and instruments --- Ethnology --- Italic peoples --- Latini (Italic people) --- Latin inscriptions --- Latin language --- Latin philology --- Roman fortification --- Architecture, Roman --- Classical antiquities --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Archaeology --- Border life --- Homesteading --- Pioneer life --- Adventure and adventurers --- Manners and customs --- Pioneers --- History --- Vindolanda Site (Chesterholme, England) --- Hadrian's Wall (England) --- Vindolanda Site (Chesterholme, Northumberland) --- England --- Chesterholm (England) --- Chesterholme (Northumberland) --- Vallum (England) --- Wall of Hadrian (England) --- Antiquities --- Vindolanda tablets --- Römerzeit --- Schriftlichkeit --- Schreibtafel --- Tafel --- Literacy --- Literalität --- Schriftkultur --- Schriftliche Überlieferung --- Verschriftlichung --- Schreiben --- Schriftliche Kommunikation --- Römische Zeit --- Antike --- Römisches Reich --- v753-500 --- Geschichte 85-122 --- Vindolanda

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Au Moyen Âge fleurit un extraordinaire art de la lettre, qui, s'il s'inspire des grands modèles antiques, s'en démarque aussi volontiers. La perfection stylistique d'une missive, fût-elle administrative, témoigne à la fois de l'importance d'un souverain et de la compétence de sa chancellerie. Mais la véritable lettre d'art ne s'inscrit pas forcément dans une correspondance simple entre deux individus dans la mesure où elle suppose un public et un horizon d'attente plus vastes. La forme épistolaire n'est plus alors qu'une façade pour proposer un discours philosophique ou politique, en prose ou en vers. Les plus grands lettrés du Moyen Âge, de Sidoine Apollinaire à Philippe de Mézières, se sont plu à composer de telles épîtres, qui ont ensuite traversé les siècles. C'est à ce genre méconnu de la lettre d'art médiévale qu'est consacré le troisième volume du cycle "Épistolaire politique".

Architecture, Roman --- Architecture romaine --- Designs and plans --- Dessins et plans --- Hadrian, --- Ligorio, Pirro, --- Contini, Francesco, --- Kircher, Athanasius, --- Gondoin, Jacques, --- Piranesi, Giovanni Battista, --- Homes and haunts --- Hadrian's Villa (Tivoli, Italy) --- Maps --- Tivoli (Italy) --- Tivoli (Italie) --- Buildings, structures, etc. --- Constructions --- Correspondance latine médiévale et moderne --- Rhétorique médiévale --- Political letter writing --- Government correspondence --- Latin letters, Medieval and Modern --- Letters --- Communication in politics --- Nobility --- European letters --- Political aspects --- History and criticism --- History --- Correspondence --- Europe --- Politics and government --- Architectural drawing --- In art --- Documents diplomatiques --- Histoire et critique --- Documents diplomatiques. --- Rhétorique médiévale. --- Histoire et critique. --- Architecture, Roman - Italy - Tivoli --- Architecture, Roman - Italy - Tivoli - Designs and plans --- Architectural drawing - Italy - 16th century --- Architectural drawing - Italy - 17th century --- Architectural drawing - Italy - 18th century --- Letters - Political aspects - History and criticism --- Political letter writing - Europe - History - To 1500 --- Government correspondence - Europe - History - To 1500 --- Communication in politics - Europe - History - To 1500 --- Nobility - Europe - Correspondence --- European letters - History and criticism --- Europe - Politics and government - 476-1492 --- Correspondance latine médiévale et moderne --- Rhétorique médiévale. --- History and criticism. --- Correspondence. --- European literature --- Noble class --- Noble families --- Nobles (Social class) --- Peerage --- Upper class --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Titles of honor and nobility --- Political communication --- Political science --- Correspondence, Government --- Letter writing --- Public records --- Letter writing, Political --- Lobbying --- Rhetoric --- Biographical sources --- Literature --- Villa Adriana --- Tivoli --- Villa Tiburtina --- architettura --- Ligorio, Pirro --- Piranesi, Giovanni Battista --- Kircher, Athanasius --- Gondoin, Jacques --- Contini, Francesco --- In art. --- Kircherus, Athanasius, --- Kircher, Atanasio, --- Chircher, Atanasio, --- Kirchere, Athanase, --- Kirker, Athanase, --- Gondouin, Jacques, --- Piranesi, Giambattista --- Piranèse --- Contini, Francesco. --- Ligorio, Pyrro, --- Ligorium, Pyrrhum, --- Ligorius, Pyrrhus, --- Ligorius, Pyrrus, --- Pirro Ligorio,