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This book presents all information necessary to understand the functioning of a slurry loop reactor for the polymerisation of ethylene into high density polyethylene, and to operate it accordingly. All discussions are based on experimental data from the operation of full scale commercial loop reactors. Methods for off-line modelling and scaling-up from lab to full scale are included, as well as the answers to important questions on the running of two loop reactors in series. Building knowledge from full scale industrial experience. This highly accessible book makes one understand the functioning of slurry loop reactors for the polymerisation of ethylene, and how to operate them. Its methods include off-line modelling, scaling-up and running reactors in series. It is inspiring for all production and process engineers, showing, for the first time, how with full scale reactor data the link is made between firm basic theory and the most practical operating guidelines.

Polyethylene. --- Ethylene. --- Polymers. --- Polymerization. --- Slurry Loop Reactor.

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The use of wheel-individual drives on the steered axle simultaneously enables propulsion and implementation of steering assistance. This work presents a closed-loop and open-loop method for controlling wheel-selective drives with the aim of reducing the steering wheel torque. The proposed optimal linear-quadratic-integral controller achieves a high control quality while ensuring driving safety and reducing energy consumption.

Mechanical engineering & materials --- wheel individual --- steering assistance --- steering torque --- closed-loop control --- Open-loop control --- radselektiv --- Lenkkraftunterstützung --- Lenkradmoment --- Regelung --- Steuerung

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Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.

neuromodulation --- closed-loop experiments --- artificial spiking neural network --- neuroprostheses --- neuronal circuits --- stimulation

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In light of climate change and allied changes to marine ecosystems, mathematical models have become an important tool to examine processes and predict phenomena from local through to global scales. In recent years model studies, laboratory experiments and a better ecological understanding of the pelagic ecosystem have enabled advancements on fundamental challenges in oceanography, including marine production, biodiversity and anticipation of future conditions in the ocean. This research topic presents a number of studies that investigate functionally diverse organism in a dynamic ocean through diverse and novel modeling approaches.

Climate Change --- ecosystems --- Mixotroph --- food webs --- Phytoplankton --- virus-host --- biogeochemistry --- Zooplankton --- Predictive capability --- Microbial loop

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Popular culture assumes that women are born to shop and that cities invite their trade. But downtowns were not always welcoming to women. Emily Remus turns to Chicago at the turn of the last century to chronicle an unheralded revolution in women's rights that took place not at the ballot box but in the streets and stores of the business district.

E-books --- Women consumers --- Shopping --- Purchasing power --- Retail trade --- History. --- Loop (Chicago, Ill.) --- Chicago (Ill.) --- Economic conditions.