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This book furnishes a brief introduction to classical mirror symmetry, a term that denotes the process of computing Gromov–Witten invariants of a Calabi–Yau threefold by using the Picard–Fuchs differential equation of period integrals of its mirror Calabi–Yau threefold. The book concentrates on the best-known example, the quintic hypersurface in 4-dimensional projective space, and its mirror manifold. First, there is a brief review of the process of discovery of mirror symmetry and the striking result proposed in the celebrated paper by Candelas and his collaborators. Next, some elementary results of complex manifolds and Chern classes needed for study of mirror symmetry are explained. Then the topological sigma models, the A-model and the B-model, are introduced. The classical mirror symmetry hypothesis is explained as the equivalence between the correlation function of the A-model of a quintic hyper-surface and that of the B-model of its mirror manifold. On the B-model side, the process of construction of a pair of mirror Calabi–Yau threefold using toric geometry is briefly explained. Also given are detailed explanations of the derivation of the Picard–Fuchs differential equation of the period integrals and on the process of deriving the instanton expansion of the A-model Yukawa coupling based on the mirror symmetry hypothesis. On the A-model side, the moduli space of degree d quasimaps from CP^1 with two marked points to CP^4 is introduced, with reconstruction of the period integrals used in the B-model side as generating functions of the intersection numbers of the moduli space. Lastly, a mathematical justification for the process of the B-model computation from the point of view of the geometry of the moduli space of quasimaps is given. The style of description is between that of mathematics and physics, with the assumption that readers have standard graduate student backgrounds in both disciplines.

Mirror symmetry. --- Mathematics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Mathematics

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This volume collects the edited tutorial lectures given at The Second International Summer School in High Energy Physics in Mgla, Turkey, in September 2006 - an annual event with international participation and a special focus on work done in the regions of central Asia. With emphasis on the standard model and beyond, lectures were devoted to presenting an introduction and update to many of the relevant topics, such as chiral perturbation theory, the Higgs mechanism, heavy flavour and b physics, CP violation, the AdS/CFT correspondence, ideas on grand unification and neutrino physics and astrophysics.

Standard model (Nuclear physics) --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Quantum theory. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Physics --- Mechanics --- Thermodynamics --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics

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This reference textbook is an up-to-date and self-contained introduction to the theory of gravitational interactions. The first part of the book follows the traditional presentation of general relativity as a geometric theory of the macroscopic gravitational field. A second, advanced part then discusses the deep analogies (and differences) between a geometric theory of gravity and the gauge theories of the other fundamental interactions. This fills a gap which is present in the context of the traditional approach to general relativity, and which usually makes students puzzled about the role of gravity. The necessary notions of differential geometry are reduced to the minimum, leaving more room for those aspects of gravitational physics of current phenomenological and theoretical interest, such as the properties of gravitational waves, the gravitational interactions of spinors, and the supersymmetric and higher-dimensional generalization of the Einstein equations. Theory of Gravitational Interactions will be of particular value to undergraduate students pursuing a theoretical or astroparticle curriculum. It can also be used by those teaching related subjects, by PhD students and young researchers working in different scientific sectors but wishing to enlarge their spectrum of interests, and, in general, by all scholars interested in the modern aspects and problems of gravitational interaction.

Gravitation. --- Gravity -- Measurement. --- Gravity. --- Gravitation --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Physics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Cosmology. --- Classical and Quantum Gravitation, Relativity Theory. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Mathematical Physics. --- Field theory (Physics) --- Matter --- Antigravity --- Centrifugal force --- Relativity (Physics) --- Properties --- Physical mathematics --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Quantum theory --- Mathematics

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This thesis presents several significant new results that shed light on two major puzzles of modern cosmology: the nature of inflation, the very early phase of the universe that is thought to have given rise to the large-scale structures that we observe today; and that of the current accelerated expansion. In particular, it develops a clean method for characterizing linear cosmological perturbations for general theories where gravity is modified and/or affected by a new component, called dark energy, responsible for the accelerated expansion. It proposes a new extension to what were long thought to be the most general scalar field theories devoid of instabilities, and demonstrates the robustness of the relation between the energy scale of inflation and the predicted amplitude of gravitational waves. Finally, it consolidates a set of consistency relations between correlation functions of the cosmological density field and investigates the phenomenological consequences of their potential violation. Presented in a clear, succinct and rigorous style, each of these original results is both profound and important and will leave a deep mark on the field.

Physics. --- Dark energy (Astronomy) --- Expanding universe. --- Universe, Expanding --- Astrophysics --- Big bang theory --- Cosmology --- Red shift --- Force and energy --- Cosmology. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Models, String --- String theory --- Nuclear reactions --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Quantum theory --- Relativity (Physics) --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics

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The theoretical foundations of the Standard Model of elementary particles relies on the existence of the Higgs boson, a particle which has been revealed for the first time by the experiments run at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012. As the Higgs boson is an unstable particle, its search strategies were based on its decay products. In this thesis, Francesco Pandolfi conducted a search for the Higgs boson in the H → ZZ → l + l - qq Decay Channel with 4.6 fb -1 of 7 TeV proton-proton collision data collected by the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment. The presence of jets in the final state poses a series of challenges to the experimenter: both from a technical point of view, as jets are complex objects and necessitate of ad-hoc reconstruction techniques, and from an analytical one, as backgrounds with jets are copious at hadron colliders, therefore analyses must obtain high degrees of background rejection in order to achieve competitive sensitivity. This is accomplished by following two directives: the use of an angular likelihood discriminant, capable of discriminating events likely to originate from the decay of a scalar boson from non-resonant backgrounds, and by using jet parton flavor tagging, selecting jets compatible with quark hadronization and discarding jets more likely to be initiated by gluons. The events passing the selection requirements in 4.6 fb -1 of data collected by the CMS detector are examined, in the search of a possible signal compatible with the decay of a heavy Higgs boson. The thesis describes the statistical tools and the results of this analysis. This work is a paradigm for studies of the Higgs boson with final states with jets. The non-expert physicists will enjoy a complete and eminently readable description of a proton-proton collider analysis. At the same time, the expert reader will learn the details of the  searches done with jets at CMS.

Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Nuclear Physics --- Higgs bosons. --- Particles (Nuclear physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Higgs particles --- Particles, Higgs --- Physics. --- Quantum field theory. --- String theory. --- Nuclear physics. --- Physical measurements. --- Measurement. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Quantum Field Theories, String Theory. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Nuclear physics --- Bosons