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"This book investigates the issue of the singularity versus the multiplicity of ancient Near Eastern deities who are known by a common first name but differentiated by their last names, or geographic epithets. It focuses primarily on the Ishtar divine names in Mesopotamia, Baal names in the Levant, and Yahweh names in Israel"--

God --- God (Judaism) --- Elohim --- Jehovah --- Yahveh --- Yahweh --- Yehovah --- Yhwh --- Metaphysics --- Misotheism --- Theism --- Name --- Name. --- Ishtar (Assyro-Babylonian deity) --- Baal --- Baal Shamen --- Baal Shemin --- Bel --- Baal (Canaanite deity) --- Ishtar --- Ištar --- Inanna --- Astarte --- Gods, Canaanite --- Ancient Near Eastern deities. --- Divine epithets.

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The world's oldest work of literature, the Epic of Gilgamesh recounts the adventures of the semimythical Sumerian king of Uruk and his ultimately futile quest for immortality after the death of his friend and companion, Enkidu, a wildman sent by the gods. Gilgamesh was deified by the Sumerians around 2500 BCE, and his tale as we know it today was codified in cuneiform tablets around 1750 BCE and continued to influence ancient cultures-whether in specific incidents like a world-consuming flood or in its quest structure-into Roman times. The epic was, however, largely forgotten, until the cuneiform tablets were rediscovered in 1872 in the British Museum's collection of recently unearthed Mesopotamian artifacts. In the decades that followed its translation into modern languages, the Epic of Gilgamesh has become a point of reference throughout Western culture.In Gilgamesh among Us, Theodore Ziolkowski explores the surprising legacy of the poem and its hero, as well as the epic's continuing influence in modern letters and arts. This influence extends from Carl Gustav Jung and Rainer Maria Rilke's early embrace of the epic's significance-"Gilgamesh is tremendous!" Rilke wrote to his publisher's wife after reading it-to its appropriation since World War II in contexts as disparate as operas and paintings, the poetry of Charles Olson and Louis Zukofsky, novels by John Gardner and Philip Roth, and episodes of Star Trek: The Next Generation and Xena: Warrior Princess.Ziolkowski sees fascination with Gilgamesh as a reflection of eternal spiritual values-love, friendship, courage, and the fear and acceptance of death. Noted writers, musicians, and artists from Sweden to Spain, from the United States to Australia, have adapted the story in ways that meet the social and artistic trends of the times. The spirit of this capacious hero has absorbed the losses felt in the immediate postwar period and been infused with the excitement and optimism of movements for gay rights, feminism, and environmental consciousness. Gilgamesh is at once a seismograph of shifts in Western history and culture and a testament to the verities and values of the ancient epic.

Assyro-Babylonian literature. --- Ancient History & Classical Studies. --- LITERARY CRITICISM / Ancient & Classical. --- Akkadian literature --- Babylonian literature --- Gilgamesh --- Gilgamesh. --- Epic of Gilgamesh --- Ghilgameš --- Gilgamesch --- Gilgamesz --- Gilgāmish --- Guilgamesh --- Ishtar and Izdubar --- Ishtar (Assyro-Babylonian epic) --- Izdubar --- Jiljāmish --- Kilkāmish --- Sha naqba imura --- Influence. --- Adaptations.

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Religions, Literature and Languages of the Ancient Near East have always been the main research interests of Prof. Brigitte Groneberg, and now take centre stage in this volume. Twenty four contributors have participated in composing this book, presenting their research dealing with Mesopotamian religion, Akkadian, Sumerian and Ugaritian literature and grammar as well as Babylonian history. Thereby several hitherto unknown texts are published and discussed here for the first time. This volume delivers new insights to several topics concerning Ancient Near Eastern cultures, being hence an important resource not only for Assyriologists and Sumerologists but for anybody interested in the field of Ancient Near Eastern studies.

Festschrift - Libri Amicorum --- Assyro-Babylonian literature --- Assyro-Babylonian religion --- Goddesses, Assyro-Babylonian. --- Gods, Assyro-Babylonian. --- Hymns, Akkadian --- Akkadian hymns --- Assyro-Babylonian gods --- Assyro-Babylonian goddesses --- Religion, Assyro-Babylonian --- Religions --- History and criticism. --- Ishtar --- Ištar --- Inanna --- Astarte

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Shulgi-simti is an important example of a woman involved in sponsoring religious activities though having a family life. An Ox of One’s Own will be of interest to Assyriologists, particularly those interested in Early Mesopotamia, and scholars working on women in religion. An Ox of One’s Own centers on the archive of a woman who died about 2050 B.C., one of King Shulgi’s many wives. Her birth name is unknown, but when she married, she became Shulgi-simti, “Suitable for Shulgi.” Attested for only about 15 years, she existed among a court filled with other wives, who probably outranked her. A religious foundation was run on her behalf whereby courtiers, male and female, donated livestock for sacrifices to an unusual mix of goddesses and gods.Previous scholarship has declared this a rare example of a queen conducting women’s religion, perhaps unusual because they say she came from abroad. The conclusions of this book are quite different.An Ox of One’s Own lays out the evidence that another woman was queen at this time in Nippur while Shulgi-simti lived in Ur and was a third-ranking concubine at best, with few economic resources. Shulgi-simti’s religious exercises concentrated on a quartet of north Babylonian goddesses.

Harems --- Sumerian language --- Wives --- Harem. --- Ishtar. --- Shulgi-simti. --- Third Dynasty of Ur. --- Ur-III-Zeit. --- RELIGION / Biblical Criticism & Interpretation / Old Testament. --- Spouses --- Women --- Housewives --- Married women --- Harem --- Polygyny --- Texts. --- Ur (Extinct city) --- Muqayyar, Tall al- (Iraq) --- Tall al-Muqayyar (Iraq) --- Tell el-Mukayyar (Iraq) --- Tell el-Muqayyar (Iraq) --- Ur (Ancient city) --- Ur of the Chaldees (Extinct city) --- Urim (Extinct city) --- Iraq --- Civilization. --- Antiquities --- Shulgi,

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Among maternal deities of the Greek pantheon, the Mother of the Gods was a paradox. She is variously described as a devoted mother, a chaste wife, an impassioned lover, and a virgin daughter; she is said to be both foreign and familiar to the Greeks. In this erudite and absorbing study, Mark Munn examines how the cult of Mother of the Gods came from Phrygia and Lydia, where she was the mother of tyrants, to Athens, where she protected the laws of the Athenian democracy. Analyzing the divergence of Greek and Asiatic culture at the beginning of the classical era, Munn describes how Kybebe, the Lydian goddess who signified fertility and sovereignty, assumed a different aspect to the Greeks when Lydia became part of the Persian empire. Conflict and resolution were played out symbolically, he shows, and the goddess of Lydian tyranny was eventually accepted by the Athenians as the Mother of the Gods, and as a symbol of their own sovereignty. This book elegantly illustrates how ancient divinities were not static types, but rather expressions of cultural systems that responded to historical change. Presenting a new perspective on the context in which the Homeric and Hesiodic epics were composed, Munn traces the transformation of the Asiatic deity who was the goddess of Sacred Marriage among the Assyrians and Babylonians, equivalent to Ishtar. Among the Lydians, she was the bride to tyrants and the mother of tyrants. To the Greeks, she was Aphrodite. An original and compelling consideration of the relations between the Greeks and the dominant powers of western Asia, The Mother of the Gods, Athens, and the Tyranny of Asia is the first thorough examination of the way that religious cult practice and thought influenced political activities during and after the sixth and fifth centuries B.C.

Despotism --- Religion and politics --- Sovereignty --- State sovereignty (International relations) --- International law --- Political science --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- International relations --- Self-determination, National --- Politics, Practical --- Politics and religion --- Religion --- Religions --- Absolutism --- Autocracy --- Tyranny --- Authoritarianism --- Dictatorship --- Totalitarianism --- Religious aspects --- History of doctrines. --- History. --- Law and legislation --- Political aspects --- Cybele --- Cibela --- Cibele --- Cibeles --- Kybēbē --- Kibela --- Kibele --- Kubaba --- Kübelé --- Kubeleya --- Kubileya --- Kuvava --- Kybelē --- Kybelis --- Matar Kubileya --- Matar Kubeleya --- Cult --- Cybele (Goddess) --- ancient greece. --- aphrodite. --- asia. --- assyria. --- athens. --- babylon. --- chastity. --- classicism. --- classics. --- democracy. --- divinity. --- empire. --- epic poetry. --- feminine divine. --- femininity. --- gender. --- gods and goddesses. --- greek goddesses. --- greek gods. --- greek pantheon. --- hellenism. --- hesiod. --- hesiodic epics. --- homer. --- homeric epics. --- ishtar. --- lydia. --- maternal. --- maternity. --- mother of the gods. --- motherhood. --- myth. --- mythology. --- nonfiction. --- panteon. --- persian empire. --- philosophy. --- phrygia. --- politics. --- purity. --- religion. --- religious cults. --- sacred marriage. --- sexuality. --- tyranny. --- tyrants. --- war. --- western asia.