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Cyanobacteria are a group of ubiquitous photosynthetic prokaryotes. Their occurrence has been increasing worldwide, due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. Several cyanobacterial species are able to synthesize a high number of bioactive molecules, among them, cyanotoxins (microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin, etc.), which are considered a health concern. For risk assessment of cyanotoxins, more scientific knowledge is required to perform adequate hazard characterization, exposure evaluation and, finally, risk characterization of these toxins. This Special Issue “Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins: New Advances and Future Challenges” presents new research or review articles related to different aspects of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, and contributes to providing new toxicological data and methods for a more realistic risk assessment.

method validation --- sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) --- arctic --- Cylindrospermopsin --- Microcystin-LR --- 16S rRNA gene --- astaxanthin --- secondary metabolites --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay --- Histopathological evaluation --- cyanobacterial thresholds --- akinetes --- nutrient enrichment --- benthic mats --- cylindrospermopsin --- drinking water treatment plant --- blue-green algae supplements --- lettuce --- genotoxicity --- exposure --- bacterial community --- PCR --- microcystin-LR --- marine natural compounds --- ELISA --- [d-Leu1]Microcystin-LR --- Paracentrotus lividus --- tadpoles --- apoptosis --- 16S rRNA gene sequencing --- PSP toxins --- marine cyanobacteria --- hemolytic essay --- energy budget --- bioassays --- anatoxin-a --- Lithobates catesbeianus --- mixture --- reproductive toxicity --- cyanobacteria --- taste-and-odor compounds --- Procambarus clarkii --- drinking water --- saxitoxin --- resveratrol --- harmful algal blooms --- cytotoxicity --- phylogenetic analyses --- Yangtze estuary --- microcystin --- mutagenicity --- detection --- Artemia salina --- water source --- cyanotoxins --- microcystins --- in vitro --- marine sponges --- microcystin-LR (MC-LR) --- UPLC-MS/MS --- reservoir --- microbial metabolisms --- Aphanizomenon flos-aquae --- monoclonal antibody --- oxidative stress --- Nostocales

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Cytogenetics --- Phylogeny --- Biology --- Cytogénétique --- Biologie --- Periodicals. --- Classification --- Molecular aspects --- Périodiques --- Aspect moléculaire --- genetics --- cytogenetics --- Phylogenies --- Phylogeography --- Cytogenetic --- Cytogenetic Analysis --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Life sciences --- Biomass --- Life (Biology) --- Natural history --- Cytology --- Genetics --- Cytogenetics. --- Molecular aspects. --- Molecular systematics --- Molecular biology --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Phylogeny.

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PhytoKeys is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal launched to accelerate research and free information exchange in taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography and evolution of higher plants and lichens. Journal will publish papers in systematic botany containing taxonomic/floristic data on any taxon of any geological age from any part of the world.

Plants --- Lichens --- Botany --- Biodiversity --- Plantes --- Botanique --- Biodiversité --- Classification --- Periodicals. --- Nomenclature --- Periodicals --- Périodiques --- Plants. --- Classification. --- Phylogeny. --- systematic botany --- plants phylogeny --- plant taxonomy --- Phylogenies --- Systematics --- Taxonomy --- Classifications --- Taxonomies --- Plant --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Macro-lichens --- Macrolichens --- Microlichens --- Flora --- Plant kingdom --- Plantae --- Vascular plants --- Vegetable kingdom --- Vegetation --- Wildlife --- Phylogeography --- Phylogeny --- Plant Proteins --- Ethnopharmacology --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Cryptogams --- Organisms --- Biodiversity. --- Botany. --- Botanical science --- Phytobiology --- Phytography --- Phytology --- Plant biology --- Plant science --- Natural history --- Phylogenomics --- Phylogenomic --- Botany - General --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Floristic botany

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Developmental immunology --- Developmental immunology. --- Hematopoietic System --- Immune System --- Immunity, Cellular --- Cellular Immune Response --- Cell-Mediated Immunity --- Cell Mediated Immunity --- Cell-Mediated Immunities --- Cellular Immune Responses --- Cellular Immunities --- Cellular Immunity --- Immune Response, Cellular --- Immune Responses, Cellular --- Immunities, Cell-Mediated --- Immunities, Cellular --- Immunity, Cell-Mediated --- Response, Cellular Immune --- Lymphokines --- T-Lymphocytes --- Interleukin-12 --- Immune Systems --- System, Immune --- Systems, Immune --- Hematopoietic Systems --- System, Hematopoietic --- Immunology, Developmental --- Developmental biology --- Immunology --- Hematopoietic System . --- Immune System. --- Immunity, Cellular. --- Phylogeny. --- Phylogenomics --- Community Phylogenetics --- Molecular Phylogenetics --- Phylogenetic Analyses --- Phylogenetic Analysis --- Phylogenetic Clustering --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis --- Phylogenetic Comparative Methods --- Phylogenetic Distance --- Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares --- Phylogenetic Groups --- Phylogenetic Incongruence --- Phylogenetic Inference --- Phylogenetic Networks --- Phylogenetic Reconstruction --- Phylogenetic Relatedness --- Phylogenetic Relationships --- Phylogenetic Signal --- Phylogenetic Structure --- Phylogenetic Tree --- Phylogenetic Trees --- Analyse, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Analysis, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Clustering, Phylogenetic --- Community Phylogenetic --- Comparative Analysis, Phylogenetic --- Comparative Method, Phylogenetic --- Distance, Phylogenetic --- Group, Phylogenetic --- Incongruence, Phylogenetic --- Inference, Phylogenetic --- Method, Phylogenetic Comparative --- Molecular Phylogenetic --- Network, Phylogenetic --- Phylogenetic Analyse --- Phylogenetic Clusterings --- Phylogenetic Comparative Analyses --- Phylogenetic Comparative Method --- Phylogenetic Distances --- Phylogenetic Group --- Phylogenetic Incongruences --- Phylogenetic Inferences --- Phylogenetic Network --- Phylogenetic Reconstructions --- Phylogenetic Relatednesses --- Phylogenetic Relationship --- Phylogenetic Signals --- Phylogenetic Structures --- Phylogenetic, Community --- Phylogenetic, Molecular --- Phylogenies --- Phylogenomic --- Reconstruction, Phylogenetic --- Relatedness, Phylogenetic --- Relationship, Phylogenetic --- Signal, Phylogenetic --- Structure, Phylogenetic --- Tree, Phylogenetic --- Classification --- Phylogeography