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Natural pine forests characterize many landscapes preserved over time, either as a result of a specific forest management practice or a disturbance. In the event of a lack of management over a long period of time, these formations could evolve with increasingly chaotic structures towards other formations. This process can lead to landscape change, the spread of insects and pathogens, and the risk of fires and watercourse obstruction. Pine forest plantations should be considered as transient tree populations, destined to evolve into more complex and stable formations. However, sometimes they should be preserved for their cultural value. Careful management of these forests also takes into account the close relationship between forest and human settlements. As a first step, ecological management assumes the definition of these two macro types. These approaches include the application of integrated methods for determining the reference conditions of the main functional and structural ecosystem components of forests. The reference conditions are the historical (or natural) variability range of ecological structures and processes, reflecting the recent evolution and dynamic interaction of biotic and abiotic conditions and patterns of disturbance. These conditions form the basis for comparison with contemporary ecosystem processes and structures and are a frame of reference for designing ecological restoration treatments and conservation plans. The productive aspects must not be overlooked; rather, they have to be considered, planned, and managed with a perspective of sustainability and ecosystem functionality. This should be considered for a common approach to forest management, for a forest rehabilitation, and for forest restoration activities.

Environmental Impact Assessment --- Ecological Indicator --- Silviculture --- Forest Management --- Pine Plantation --- Low Impact Logging --- Forest Restoration --- Pine Forest --- Forest Rehabilitation

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Environmental impact analysis --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental protection

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This book looks at key research covering a wide range of aspects of environmental sustainability and the mitigation of environmental impacts of livestock production, including emissions of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide), nitrogen and phosphorus excretion, ammonia emissions, land use and land management, and use of energy and other resources. All the globally most important livestock species (beef and dairy cattle, pigs, broiler chicken and laying hens) are covered in the book. The mitigation methods assessed in the papers include general system changes, changes in feeding, improvement of animal health, and new technologies of manure management. The scope of the papers included in this book ranges from farm level mitigation methods to national level system changes. This book also addresses methodological development in assessing the environmental sustainability of the livestock production chains, including holistic methods, such as environmental and social life cycle assessment (LCA) and other modeling approaches.

animal feed --- livestock production systems --- nutrient dynamics --- environmental sustainability --- land use and land management --- greenhouse gas emissions --- environmental impact assessment --- manure management --- life cycle assessment

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Environmental impact analysis. --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental protection

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The purpose of this book is to collect a high-quality selection of contemporary research articles on life cycle perspectives when we want to assess and predict the sustainability of solutions that lie in front of us.The book focuses on methodologies and tools used for life cycle sustainability management covering environmental, social, and economic aspects in business practices, including modeling and simulation-based approaches. In particular, the book aims to collect research, applications, and case studies in the field of environmental analysis and industrial ecology, with a focus on how to assess contributions to increase resource efficiency and reduce environmental impact on production and service systems in a life cycle perspective (raw material extraction, production, use, and end-of-life management).This book is intended to be a useful resource for anyone who deals with this issue.

Environmental impact analysis. --- Analysis of environmental impact --- Environmental assessment --- Environmental impact assessment --- Environmental impact evaluation --- Impact analysis, Environmental --- Environmental auditing --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental protection --- Life Sciences --- Environmental Sustainability --- Environmental Sciences