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Les révélations Snowden confirment qu’aux États-Unis le tiraillement entre impératifs du secret et exigences de transparence demeure vivace. Grâce aux révélations ponctuelles de ce genre et surtout à la mise à disposition régulière de fonds d’archives, il est possible de rendre compte de l’histoire du renseignement américain contemporain, jusqu’aux transformations qu’il a connues depuis les attentats du 11 septembre 2001.

Electronic intelligence --- Espionage, American --- Electronic surveillance --- Renseignement électronique --- Espionnage américain --- Surveillance électronique --- United States. --- United States --- Political Science --- C.I.A. --- renseignement --- espionnage --- surveillance électronique --- États-Unis --- États-Unis, Central intelligence agency --- Divulgation d'informations --- Opérations secrètes

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Pénalité, management et innovation forment ensemble l’objet et la perspective de ce livre. Sa matière est la pénalité, son problème le management et son espoir l’innovation. L’exercice du droit de punir mobilise un enchevêtrement de discours, d’organisations, d’activités et d’outils. Cet ensemble hétéroclite, que l’on nommera pénalité, subit des transformations dont la représentation et l’évaluation sont complexes. L’analyse de ces transformations trouve souvent son origine dans un déficit de légitimité et de sérieux problèmes de gestion. La pénalité a vu évoluer ses légitimations sociales de la rétribution la plus archaïque à la très moderne réparation, en passant par la resocialisation. Souvent contestées politiquement, parfois disqualifiées scientifiquement, ces légitimations semblent aujourd’hui s’évanouir au profit d’une orientation managériale qui traduit une préoccupation pour le fonctionnement interne du système pénal. Ce livre est consacré à cette singulière substitution : la légitimité politique de l’exercice du droit de punir est escamotée par ses objectifs gestionnaires de productivité, d’efficience et de service à la clientèle. Il examine les mécanismes idéologiques de cette substitution. Il observe quelques-unes de ses réalisations (parmi lesquelles la surveillance électronique des condamnés). Il dessine encore la silhouette des justiciables que la pénalité contemporaine présuppose. Il s’intéresse enfin aux possibilités d’émergence d’heureuses surprises dans les marges du programme managérial. Sous le nom d’innovation, l’analyse fait place à l’observation d’usages inattendus, d’options politiques ou de dispositifs juridiques contribuant à la réduction de l’empire de la pénalité.

Punishment --- Criminal law --- Abuse of administrative power --- Abuse of power --- Administrative power, Abuse of --- Excess of power (Administrative law) --- Power, Abuse of --- Administrative discretion --- Administrative law --- Judicial review of administrative acts --- Penalties (Criminal law) --- Penology --- Corrections --- Impunity --- Retribution --- Punishment - Belgium --- Criminal law - Belgium --- Abuse of administrative power - Belgium --- pénalité --- innovation --- management --- resocialisation --- surveillance éléctronique --- droit --- criminologie --- orientation managériale

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Assessment [Health risk ] --- Biological monitoring --- Biologisch elektronisch toezicht --- Estimation des risques de santé --- Gezondheid [Schatting van het risico voor de ] --- Gezondheidsrisico [Schatting van het ] --- HRA (Public health) --- Health hazard appraisal --- Health hazard assessment --- Health risk appraisal --- Health risk assessment --- Human risk assessment --- Monitoring [Biological ] --- Risico voor de gezondheid [Schatting van het ] --- Schatting van het risico voor de gezondheid --- Surveillance électronique biologique --- Biological monitoring. --- Health risk assessment. --- Toxicology --- Animal models. --- Assessment, Health risk --- Biologic monitoring --- Biomonitoring (Toxicology) --- Monitoring, Biological --- Medicine, Preventive --- Public health --- Risk assessment --- Environmental health --- Poisons --- Indicators (Biology) --- Animal models in research --- Toxicology, Experimental --- Alternative toxicity testing --- Analysis --- Animal models --- Toxicology - Animal models.

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This second edition, like the first, analyses the public health aspects of the possible hostile use of biological or chemical agents. It describes how biological and chemical agents may endanger public health; provides the standard principles of risk analyses that Member States may undertake to prepare for the deliberate release of biological or chemical agents; and presents national and international laws, including their potential role in mobilizing international assistance and available sources of such assistance. Seven technical annexes cover chemical agents, toxins, biological agents, pri

Bacteria [Pathogenic ]--War use --- Bacterial warfare --- Bacteriological warfare --- Bacteriologische oorlog --- Biological warfare --- Biologische oorlogvoering --- Bioterrorism --- Bioterrorisme --- Biowarfare --- CBR warfare --- Chemical pollution --- Chemical warfare --- Chemische oorlogvoering --- Chemistry in warfare --- Contamination of environment --- Desease outbreaks --- Disaster planning --- Disaster prevention --- Disease warfare --- Diseases--Outbreaks --- Ecological monitoring --- Elektronisch milieutoezicht --- Emergency management --- Environmental monitoring --- Environmental pollution --- Environnement [Surveillance électronique de l' ] --- Epidemics --- Epidemieën --- Epidémies --- Etats d'urgence--Gestion --- Germ warfare --- Gestion des situations d'urgence --- Guerre bactériologique --- Guerre biologique --- Guerre chimique --- Maladies épidémiques --- Milieutoezicht [Elektronisch ] --- Monitoring [Environmental ] --- Noodsituaties--Beleid --- Oorlogvoering [Biologische ] --- Oorlogvoering [Chemische ] --- Outbreaks of disease --- Pandémies --- Pathogenic bacteria--War use --- Pestilences --- Pollution --- Pollution--Control --- Pollution--Prevention --- Surveillance électronique de l'environnement --- Terrorism [Bio] --- Terrorisme [Bio] --- Verontreiniging --- Vervuiling --- Épidémie --- Biological weapons --- Chemical agents (Munitions) --- Chemical terrorism --- Chemical weapons --- Disaster medicine. --- Emergency management. --- Emergency medical services. --- Biological Warfare. --- Bioterrorism. --- Chemical Warfare. --- Disaster Planning. --- Public Health. --- Health aspects. --- Wapens --- Volksgezondheid --- Terrorisme --- Rampen --- Oorlog --- Armes --- Santé publique --- Catastrophes --- Guerre --- Public health. --- Disaster medicine --- Emergency medical services --- Bacteriological weapons --- Biological warfare agents --- Bioweapons --- Weapons of mass destruction --- Biosecurity --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Bioengineering --- War --- Emergency health services --- Emergency medical care --- Emergency medicine --- Medical care --- Rescue work --- Consequence management (Emergency management) --- Disaster preparedness --- Disaster relief --- Disasters --- Emergencies --- Emergency planning --- Emergency preparedness --- Management --- Public safety --- First responders --- Mass casualties --- Medicine --- Air warfare --- Terrorism --- Chemical warfare agents --- Poisons --- Bio-terrorism --- Biological terrorism --- Health aspects --- War use --- Planning --- Preparedness --- Prevention --- Treatment --- Law and legislation --- Biological weapons. --- Environment and Public Health --- Health --- Disaster Planning --- Public Health --- Chemical Warfare --- Biological Warfare --- Violence --- Social Problems --- Environment --- Population Characteristics --- Health Occupations --- Health Care --- Sociology --- Crime --- Criminology --- Social Sciences --- Sociological Factors. --- Military & Naval Science --- Military Engineering --- Law, Politics & Government --- Science, Social --- Sciences, Social --- Social Science --- Kidnapping --- Poaching --- Crimes --- Kidnappings --- Criminal Behavior --- General Social Development and Population --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Health Professions --- Health Occupation --- Health Profession --- Profession, Health --- Professions, Health --- Occupations --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- Environmental Impact --- Environmental Impacts --- Impact, Environmental --- Impacts, Environmental --- Environments --- Environmental Health --- Labor Exploitation --- Social Exploitation --- Exploitation, Labor --- Exploitation, Social --- Exploitations, Labor --- Problem, Social --- Problems, Social --- Social Problem --- Assaultive Behavior --- Atrocities --- Behavior, Assaultive --- Structural Violence --- Violence, Structural --- Riots --- Warfare --- Crime Victims --- Biologic Warfare --- Warfare, Bacterial --- Warfare, Biological --- Bacterial Warfare --- Warfare, Biologic --- Warfare, Chemical --- Chemical Warfares --- Warfares, Chemical --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Biological Terrorism --- Terrorism, Biological --- Disaster Relief Planning --- Disaster Relief Plannings --- Planning, Disaster --- Planning, Disaster Relief --- Plannings, Disaster Relief --- Relief Planning, Disaster --- Relief Plannings, Disaster --- Medical Specialities --- Medical Specialties --- Medical Specialty --- Specialities, Medical --- Specialties, Medical --- Specialty, Medical --- Medical Speciality --- Speciality, Medical --- Health Workforce --- Wars --- Armed Conflict --- Conflict, Armed --- Conflicts, Armed --- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident --- Radioactive Terrorism --- Terrorism, Radioactive --- Social Attributes --- Social Characteristics --- Social Traits --- Sociological Characteristics --- Sociological Phenomena --- Attribute, Social --- Attributes, Social --- Characteristic, Sociological --- Characteristics, Social --- Characteristics, Sociological --- Factor, Sociological --- Factors, Sociological --- Phenomena, Sociological --- Social Attribute --- Social Trait --- Sociological Characteristic --- Sociological Factor --- Trait, Social --- Traits, Social --- Cold War Biological warfare --- Wildlife Trade --- Interpersonal Violence --- Violent Crime --- Crime, Violent --- Interpersonal Violences --- Violence, Interpersonal --- Violences, Interpersonal --- Violent Crimes --- Biocrime --- Biocrimes

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Because borders alone cannot stop irregular migration, the European Union is turning more and more to internal control measures. Through surveillance, member states aim to exclude irregular migrants from societal institutions, thereby discouraging their s

Migration. Refugees --- Germany --- Netherlands --- Illegal aliens --- Immigrés clandestins --- Surveillance électronique. --- Government policy --- Politique publique --- Immigrants --- Electronic surveillance --- Emigration and immigration --- Electronics in surveillance --- SIGINT (Electronic surveillance) --- Signals intelligence --- Surveillance, Electronic --- Remote sensing --- Emigrants --- Foreign-born population --- Foreign population --- Foreigners --- Migrants --- Persons --- The Netherlands --- Pays-Bas --- Países Baixos --- Holland --- Spanish Netherlands --- Pays-Bas espagnols --- Austrian Netherlands --- Pays-Bas autrichiens --- Oostenrijkse Nederlanden --- Southern Netherlands --- Pays-Bas méridionaux --- Zuidelijke Nederlanden --- Niderlandy --- Belanda --- Nederland --- Koninkrijk der Nederlanden --- Reino dos Países Baixos --- Royaume des Pays-Bas --- Kingdom of the Netherlands --- Países Bajos --- Holanda --- Nederlân --- Hulanda --- Beulanda --- Niderland --- Niderlande --- هولندا --- مملكة هولندا --- Mamlakat Hūlandā --- Olanda --- Payis-Bâs --- Países Baxos --- Aynacha Jach'a Markanaka --- Nirlan --- Niderland Krallığı --- Kē-tē-kok --- Landa --- Kerajaan Landa --- Нидерландтар --- Niderlandtar --- Нидерландтар Короллеге --- Niderlandtar Korollege --- Нідэрланды --- Каралеўства Нідэрланды --- Karaleŭstva Nidėrlandy --- Nederlands --- Niadaland --- Holandija --- Kraljevina Holandija --- Izelvroioù --- Нидерландия --- Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Кралство Нидерландия --- Kralstvo Niderlandii︠a︡ --- Països Baixos --- Нидерландсем --- Niderlandsem --- Нидерландсен Патшалăхĕ --- Niderlandsen Patshalăkhĕ --- Nizozemsko --- Paesi Bassi --- Regnu di i Paesi Bassi --- Iseldiroedd --- Nederlandene --- Niederlande --- Kéyah Wóyahgo Siʼánígíí --- Nižozemska --- Kralojstwo Nederlandow --- Madalmaad --- Ολλανδία --- Ollandia --- Hollandia --- Κάτω Χώρες --- Katō Chōres --- Βασίλειο των Κάτω Χωρών --- Vasileio tōn Katō Chōrōn --- Nederlando --- Reĝlando Nederlando --- Paisis Bajus --- Herbehereak --- Herbehereetako Erresumaren --- هلند --- Huland --- Niðurlond --- Háland --- Paîs Bas --- Neerlande --- Ísiltír --- Ríocht na hÍsiltíre --- Çheer Injil --- Çheer y Vagheragh --- Reeriaght ny Çheer Injil --- Tìrean Ìsle --- Hò-làn --- Недерлендин Нутг --- Nederlendin Nutg --- 네덜란드 --- Nedŏllandŭ --- Hōlani --- Nederlandia --- Pais Basse --- Regno del Paises Basse --- Нидерландтæ --- Niderlandtæ --- Нидерландты Къаролад --- Niderlandty Kʺarolad --- Konungsríkið Holland --- הולנד --- Holand --- ממלכת ארצות השפלה --- Mamlekhet Artsot ha-Shefelah --- Walanda --- Hollandi --- Нидерландла --- Niderlandla --- Нидерландланы Королевствосу --- Niderlandlany Korolevstvosu --- Néderlandzkô --- Нидерланд --- Iseldiryow --- Ubuholandi --- Ubuhorandi --- Nederilande --- Нидерланддар --- Niderlanddar --- Uholanzi --- Ufalme wa Nchi za Chini --- Нидерландъяс --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s --- Нидерландъяс Корольув --- Niderlandʺi︠a︡s Korolʹuv --- Peyiba --- Holenda --- Keyatiya Nederlandan --- Payises Bashos --- פאייסיס באשוס --- Nīderlandeja --- Batavia --- Regni Nederlandiarum --- Nīderlandes Karaliste --- Nyderlandai --- Nyderlandų Karalystė --- Paixi Basci --- Paes Bass --- Ulanda --- Holland Királyság --- Keninkryk fan 'e Nederlannen --- Reino di Hulanda --- Холандија --- Кралство Холандија --- Kralstvo Holandija --- Pajjiżi l-Baxxi --- Hōrana --- Недерлатт --- Nederlatt --- Оцязорксши Недерлатт --- Ot︠s︡i︠a︡zorksshi Nederlatt --- Нидерландын Вант Улс --- Niderlandyn Vant Uls --- Tlanitlālpan --- Huēyitlahtohcāyōtl in Tlanitlālpan --- Eben Eyong --- Nederlaand --- オランダ --- Oranda --- オランダ王国 --- Oranda Ōkoku --- Ulanna --- Nethiland --- Nederlande --- Holandska --- Holland (Kingdom) --- Batavian Republic --- United Provinces of the Netherlands --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- Gėrman --- German Uls --- Герман Улс --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire