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Money. Monetary policy --- Business cycles --- Russian Federation --- Financial crises --- Monetary policy --- Barter --- Russia (Federation) --- Economic conditions --- Russia --- 1991 --- -Monetary policy --- -Money. Monetary policy --- -Barter --- Financial crises - Russia (Federation) --- Monetary policy - Russia (Federation) --- Barter - Russia (Federation) --- Russia (Federation) - Economic conditions - 1991 --- -Financial crises - Russia (Federation)

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Optimization problems in practice are diverse and evolve over time, giving rise to - quirements both for ready-to-use optimization software packages and for optimization software libraries, which provide more or less adaptable building blocks for app- cation-specific software systems. In order to apply optimization methods to a new type of problem, corresponding models and algorithms have to be “coded” so that they are accessible to a computer. One way to achieve this step is the use of a mod- ing language. Such modeling systems provide an excellent interface between models and solvers, but only for a limited range of model types (in some cases, for example, linear) due, in part, to limitations imposed by the solvers. Furthermore, while m- eling systems especially for heuristic search are an active research topic, it is still an open question as to whether such an approach may be generally successful. Modeling languages treat the solvers as a “black box” with numerous controls. Due to variations, for example, with respect to the pursued objective or specific problem properties, - dressing real-world problems often requires special purpose methods. Thus, we are faced with the difficulty of efficiently adapting and applying appropriate methods to these problems. Optimization software libraries are intended to make it relatively easy and cost effective to incorporate advanced planning methods in application-specific software systems. A general classification provides a distinction between callable packages, nume- cal libraries, and component libraries.

Discrete mathematics --- Computer science. --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Software engineering. --- Computers. --- Computer mathematics. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Calculus of variations. --- Computer Science. --- Software Engineering. --- Theory of Computation. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Optimization. --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control; Optimization. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Isoperimetrical problems --- Variations, Calculus of --- Maxima and minima --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Mathematical analysis --- Operations research --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Decision making --- Mathematics—Data processing. --- Operations Research and Decision Theory. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimization.