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Business cycles --- anno 2000-2009 --- Flanders --- 338.93 --- 462 Economisch beleid --- 338.974 --- BPB0902 --- 331.882 VOKA --- Récession économique --- 658 --- Crise monétaire --- Politique de l'entreprise --- Economische toestand 338.1 --- Staatshervorming 342.4.011.8STA --- #KVHA:Taalkunde --- #KVHA:Meertalige Communicatie --- #KVHA Human Resources Management --- #KVHA:Personeelsbeheer --- Ondernemen --- ondernemingsproblematiek --- economische crisis - economische depressie - economische recessie --- VOKA - Vlaams netwerk van ondernemingen (zie ook 331.882 VEV) --- Economische recessie --- Business management, administration. Commercial organization --- Monetaire crisis --- Ondernemingsbeleid --- Social Sciences and Humanities. Management studies, Business Administration, Organizational Science --- Management studies, Business Administration, Organizational Science (General) --- 338.40 --- 658 Business management, administration. Commercial organization --- Industrieel beleid: algemeenheden. --- Transformatie --- 65.0 --- Management studies, Business Administration, Organizational Science (General). --- Business enterprises --- Flanders (Belgium) --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Entrepreneurship --- Sustainable development --- yrityspolitiikka --- poslovna politika --- üzletpolitika --- politika të biznesit --- verslo politika --- политика на предприятието --- uzņēmējdarbības politika --- Unternehmenspolitik --- ettevõtluspoliitika --- πολιτική της επιχείρησης --- пословна политика --- politica dell'impresa --- ondernemingsbeleid --- деловна политика --- política de la empresa --- business policy --- virksomhedspolitik --- política da empresa --- politika operatorja --- polityka przedsiębiorstwa --- podniková politika --- politica afacerilor --- företagspolitik --- vállalati politika --- üzleti politika --- Betriebspolitik --- politica aziendale --- krizë monetare --- monetaire crisis --- crisi monetaria --- měnová krize --- valuuttakriisi --- crisis monetaria --- monetarna kriza --- denarna kriza --- monetáris válság --- menová kríza --- valutakrise --- valūtas krīze --- парична криза --- criză monetară --- pinigų krizė --- Währungskrise --- crise monetária --- valutakris --- valuutakriis --- kryzys walutowy --- νομισματική κρίση --- kriżi monetarja --- monetary crisis --- монетарна криза --- géarchéim airgeadra --- kriżi finanzjarja --- krize měny --- crise financière --- finanční krize --- criză financiară --- finanšu krīze --- géarchéim airgeadais --- rahanduskriis --- nemzetközi pénzügyi válság --- Schuldenkrise --- crise financeira --- monetær krise --- rahoituskriisi --- finančná kríza --- crisi finanziaria --- krizë financiare --- finansiell kris --- currency crisis --- finančna kriza --- finanskris --- finantskriis --- kryzys finansowy --- financial crisis --- финансијска криза --- internationale Finanzkrise --- pénzügyi válság --- меѓународна финансиска криза --- валутна криза --- financiële crisis --- crisis financiera --- mezinárodní finanční krize --- финансиска криза --- χρηματοοικονομική κρίση --- должничка криза --- finanskrise --- krize finančního systému --- криза на финансискиот систем --- Finanzkrise --- финансова криза --- finansinė krizė --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- economische recessie --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- economic recession --- talouden taantuma --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- Industrieel beleid: algemeenheden --- 658 Zaakvoering, administrat --- Zaakvoering, administrat --- 005.34 --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- beartas gnó --- géarchéim airgeadaíochta --- Récession économique --- Crise monétaire

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Enkele Kamerleden van de Belgische politieke partij “PVDA-PTB” legden op 5 november 2020 een wetsvoorstel neer op het bureau van de Kamer tot oprichting van een coronasteunfonds ter ondersteuning van de zelfstandigen en de kmo’s. Dit fonds zou worden gefinancierd door middel van een buitengewone en tijdelijke belastingheffing op de tijdens de COVID-19-pandemie door de grote ondernemingen geboekte superwinsten (Parl.St. Kamer 2020-21, nr. 1621/001). In de Belgische doctrine werd tot nu toe geen globaal overzicht gewijd aan de buitengewone en tijdelijke heffingen in de inkomstenbelastingen in de periode 1919-2020.

economische hulp --- overheidssteun --- economische recessie --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- economic recession --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- talouden taantuma --- récession économique --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- aiuto economico --- hospodárska pomoc --- οικονομική βοήθεια --- ekonomiskt bistånd --- økonomisk bistand --- aide économique --- economic aid --- ayuda económica --- ekonomiskā palīdzība --- ekonomska pomoć --- għajnuna ekonomika --- ndihmë ekonomike --- ajutor economic --- hospodářská pomoc --- pomoc gospodarcza --- ekonominė pagalba --- икономическа помощ --- економска помоћ --- gazdasági segély --- Wirtschaftshilfe --- taloudellinen apu --- ajuda económica --- gospodarska pomoč --- majandusabi --- економска помош --- gospodarska pomoć --- ekonomická pomoc --- помош во стопанството --- valstybės pagalba --- valtiontuki --- State aid --- statligt stöd --- državna pomoč --- valsts atbalsts --- ndihmë shtetërore --- štátna pomoc --- státní podpora --- државна помоћ --- għajnuna mill-Istat --- ajutor de stat --- állami támogatás --- aide de l'État --- auxílio estatal --- statsstøtte --- riigiabi --- държавна субсидия --- aiuto di Stato --- државна помош --- pomoc państwowa --- državna potpora --- staatliche Beihilfe --- κρατικές ενισχύσεις --- ayuda pública --- julkinen tuki --- offentlig støtte --- sussidio nazionale --- valsts subsīdijas --- přídavek státu --- aiuto pubblico --- nemzeti támogatás --- riiklik abi --- nationale subsidier --- national støtte --- státní dotace --- aide publique --- државна субвенција --- subvención estatal --- podpora státu --- aiuto nazionale --- kansallinen tukipalkkio --- εθνικές ενισχύσεις --- subvencion kombëtar --- valstybinė pagalba --- openbare subsidie --- viešoji pagalba --- ajuda pública --- subsídio nacional --- nationale steun --- veřejná pomoc --- ayuda autonómica --- εθνική επιδότηση --- ajutor național --- veřejná podpora --- statliga bidrag --- national pengehjælp --- ajuda nacional --- ayuda del Estado --- subvención pública --- subvenție națională --- ayuda nacional --- aide nationale --- ajutor public --- ndihmë kombëtare --- nationellt stöd --- national aid --- státní příspěvky --- nationale hulp --- offentligt stöd --- öffentliche Hilfe --- riigi toetus --- staatlicher Zuschuss --- verejná pomoc --- hivatalos támogatás --- δημόσιες ενισχύσεις --- državna subvencija --- national subsidy --- aide générale --- ndihmë publike --- štátne dotácie --- ayuda estatal --- pomoc státu --- subvención autonómica --- kansallinen tuki --- allmänna bidrag --- öffentlicher Zuschuss --- valstybinė subsidija --- staatliche Hilfe --- public aid --- štátna podpora --- национални субвенции --- riiklik toetus --- staatliche Unterstützung --- podpora z veřejných prostředků --- oorlogsheffing --- conjunctuurheffing --- belastbare grondslag --- vrijstelling --- taxe de guerre --- taxe conjuncturelle --- base d'imposition --- exonération --- cabhair eacnamaíoch --- Company law. Associations --- Tax law --- Belgium --- státchabhair

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This annual joint OECD-WTO publication provides a comprehensive analysis of trends and developments in aid that aims to help developing countries integrate into the global economy and benefit from trade opportunities. Case stories and self-assessments by partner countries, bilateral and multilateral donor agencies, providers of South-South co-operation, and regional economic communities provide the basis for this analysis, coupled with OECD aid data and findings from evaluations and econometric studies.

Development aid. Development cooperation --- Economic assistance --- Commerce. --- Economic assistance. --- International economic relations. --- Aid for Trade (Initiative) --- Developing countries --- Developed countries --- Developed countries. --- Developing countries. --- Commerce --- Foreign economic relations --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Economic aid --- Foreign aid program --- Foreign assistance --- Grants-in-aid, International --- International economic assistance --- International grants-in-aid --- International economic relations --- Conditionality (International relations) --- Trade --- Economics --- Business --- Transportation --- Industries --- AfT --- World Trade Organization --- Emerging nations --- Fourth World --- Global South --- LDC's --- Least developed countries --- Less developed countries --- Newly industrialized countries --- Newly industrializing countries --- NICs --- Third World --- Underdeveloped areas --- Underdeveloped countries --- Advanced countries --- Advanced nations --- Developed nations --- Economically advanced countries --- Economically advanced nations --- First World --- Industrial countries --- Industrial nations --- Industrial societies --- Industrialized countries --- Industrialized nations --- Western countries --- NICs (Newly industrialized countries) --- Development --- development aid --- economic recession --- developing countries --- international trade --- aid programme. --- poverty --- povertà --- chudoba --- faqar --- siromaštvo --- ένδεια --- pobreza --- revščina --- vaesus --- fattigdom --- köyhyys --- Armut --- pauvreté --- бедност --- armoede --- nabadzība --- сиромаштија --- ubóstwo --- skurdas --- сиромаштво --- szegénység --- varfëri --- sărăcie --- fattig --- nouze --- ενδεής --- ekonomiskt svag --- i dobët ekonomikisht --- economie slabă --- indigente --- lufta kundër varfërisë --- szegény --- ekonomicky slabé obyvatelstvo --- uusköyhät --- lidé s nízkými příjmy --- беда --- Einkommensschwacher --- немаштија --- szegénység elleni küzdelem --- săraci --- cīņa ar nabadzību --- nuevo pobre --- καταπολέμηση της φτώχειας --- οικονομικά ασθενής --- ekonomska slabost --- økonomisk svagt stillet --- ekonomiski vājš --- boj proti chudobe --- i varfër --- pauvre --- schudobnelý --- pauperism --- nouveau pauvre --- lucha contra la pobreza --- mendigo --- debilidade económica --- sociálně slabí občané --- fight against poverty --- poor --- лица со ниски примања --- menesteroso --- new poor --- neopovero --- bekæmpelse af fattigdom --- борба против сиромаштија --- wirtschaftlich Schwacher --- pauperismo --- võitlus vaesusega --- neue Armut --- povero --- majanduslikult nõrk --- економска слабост --- i varfër i ri --- oskudica --- neturtingieji --- ekonomiškai silpnas --- boj proti bídě --- nieuwe arme --- fattigdomsbekämpning --- nyfattig --- medellös --- economically weak --- lupta împotriva sărăciei --- vähävarainen --- πενία --- chudobný --- uusvaene --- Bekämpfung der Armut --- νεόπτωχος --- zproletarizované skupiny --- ubemidlet --- pobre --- bijeda --- zchudnutí --- lutte contre la pauvreté --- naujieji skurdžiai --- luta contra a pobreza --- neimaština --- φτώχεια --- bída --- köyhyyden torjuminen --- ekonomicky slabý --- meno abbiente --- borba protiv siromaštva --- économiquement faible --- φτωχός --- bestrijding van de armoede --- novo pobre --- lotta all'indigenza --- Armer --- köyhä --- economisch zwak --- kova su skurdu --- άπορος --- gazdaságilag gyenge --- vaene --- arm --- indigent --- biståndsprogram --- program pomoci --- bistandsprogram --- програма за помощ --- programma di aiuto --- program de asistență --- Hilfsprogramm --- pagalbos programa --- program pomocy --- programa de ajuda --- programm ta’ għajnuna --- program pomoči --- segélyprogram --- програма за помош --- abistamisprogramm --- πρόγραμμα ενισχύσεων --- program pomoći --- avustusohjelma --- programa de ayudas --- clár cabhrach --- hulpprogramma --- programme d'aide --- palīdzības programma --- program i ndihmës --- програм помоћи --- programmazione dell'aiuto --- gennemførelse af støtte --- esecuzione dell'aiuto --- piano d'aiuto --- fastlæggelse af støtteprogram --- programmering van de hulp --- støtteprogram --- international handel --- handel międzynarodowy --- tarptautinė prekyba --- starptautiskā tirdzniecība --- internationale handel --- comércio internacional --- меѓународна трговија --- međunarodna trgovina --- међународна трговина --- mednarodna trgovina --- internationaler Handel --- comerț internațional --- международна търговия --- commerce international --- mezinárodní obchod --- nemzetközi kereskedelem --- kansainvälinen kauppa --- rahvusvaheline kaubandus --- commercio internazionale --- kummerċ internazzjonali --- tregti ndërkombëtare --- internationell handel --- διεθνές εμπόριο --- comercio internacional --- medzinárodný obchod --- sistema commerciale internazionale --- Camera di commercio internazionale --- διεθνείς εμπορικές συναλλαγές --- comércio mundial --- Welthandel --- comerț mondial --- tregti botërore --- maailmankauppa --- world trade --- comercio mundial --- παγκόσμιες εμπορικές συναλλαγές --- commerce mondial --- världshandel --- světový obchod --- commercio mondiale --- scambio internazionale --- verdenshandel --- maailmakaubandus --- svetový obchod --- pasaules tirdzniecība --- παγκόσμιο εμπόριο --- világkereskedelem --- wereldhandel --- pasaulinė prekyba --- svjetska trgovina --- pajjiżi fil-fażi tal-iżvilupp --- αναπτυσσόμενες χώρες --- zemlje u razvoju --- развиващи се държави --- kraje rozwijające się --- arengumaad --- земји во развој --- fejlődő országok --- attīstības valstis --- țări în curs de dezvoltare --- rozvojové země --- države v razvoju --- país en desarrollo --- kehitysmaat --- utvecklingsland --- vende në zhvillim --- Entwicklungsland --- paese in via di sviluppo --- besivystančios šalys --- pays en développement --- земље у развоју --- país em desenvolvimento --- rozvojové krajiny --- udviklingsland --- ontwikkelingsland --- Tredje Verden --- země s nízkou životní úrovní --- Lumea a Treia --- jaunattīstības valstis --- paese arretrato --- Α.Χ. --- Derde-Wereldland --- Трет свет --- país do Terceiro Mundo --- szegény országok --- harmadik világ országai --- zemlje Trećega svijeta --- tredje världen --- vendet e Botës së Tretë --- tiers monde --- tretí svet --- armes Land --- Τρίτος Κόσμος --- PVD --- pays du tiers monde --- Terceiro Mundo --- trešās pasaules valstis --- land i tredje världen --- Land der Dritten Welt --- kolmannen maailman maat --- kolmas maailma --- Treći svijet --- PVS --- harmadik világ --- país em vias de desenvolvimento --- terzo mondo-paesi --- país en vías de desarrollo --- kolmas maailm --- krajiny tretieho sveta --- земји со низок животен стандард --- pays en voie de développement --- země třetího světa --- chudé země --- kolmanda maailma riigid --- trečiasis pasaulis --- paese sottosviluppato --- terzo mondo --- Bota e Tretë --- χώρες του τρίτου κόσμου --- χώρες υπό ανάπτυξη --- país del Tercer Mundo --- třetí svět --- Derde Wereld --- trešā pasaule --- uland --- Third World countries --- земји од Третиот свет --- trečiojo pasaulio šalys --- u-land --- țările Lumii a Treia --- dritte Welt --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- economische recessie --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- talouden taantuma --- récession économique --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- ayuda al desarrollo --- arenguabi --- помоћ за развој --- pomoć u razvoju --- Entwicklungshilfe --- fejlesztési segély --- помощ за развитие --- cabhair um fhorbairt --- utvecklingsbistånd --- udviklingsbistand --- ontwikkelingshulp --- palīdzība attīstības jomā --- aide au développement --- αναπτυξιακή βοήθεια --- fonduri pentru dezvoltare --- kehitysapu --- rozvojová pomoc --- razvojna pomoč --- parama vystymuisi --- għajnuna għall-iżvilupp --- ndihma për zhvillim --- помош за развој --- pomoc rozwojowa --- ajuda ao desenvolvimento --- aiuto allo sviluppo --- assistenza allo sviluppo --- fonduri pentru țările în curs de dezvoltare --- gezamenlijke ontwikkeling --- plėtros pagalba --- ndihmë për vendet në zhvillim --- pomoc třetím zemím --- aiuto ai paesi in via di sviluppo --- aiuto ai PVS --- bashkëzhvillim --- steun aan ontwikkelingslanden --- desarrollo mutuo --- aide aux PVD --- gemeinsame Entwicklung --- pomoć zemljama u razvoju --- asistencia al desarrollo --- desarrollo conjunto --- közös fejlődés --- pomoc rozvojovým krajinám --- ajuda aos PVD --- cooperação para o desenvolvimento --- fejlődő országoknak nyújtott segély --- aid to developing countries --- ühine areng --- από κοινού ανάπτυξη --- kehitysmaille tarkoitettu tuki --- κοινή ανάπτυξη --- støtte til udviklingslande --- asistență pentru dezvoltare --- помош за поттикнување и поддршка на развојот --- cooperación al desarrollo --- kopēja attīstība --- u-hjälp --- arengumaadele antav abi --- gemensam utveckling --- codesarrollo --- ulandshjælp --- codéveloppement --- bendrai vykdoma plėtra --- bistand til udviklingslande --- βοήθεια στις αναπτυσσόμενες χώρες --- fælles udvikling --- co-development --- palīdzība attīstībai --- palīdzība attīstības valstīm --- pagalba besivystančioms šalims --- αναπτυξιακή συνεργασία --- pomoc rozvojovým zemím --- yhteiskehitys --- bistånd till utvecklingsländer --- trádáil idirnáisiúnta --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- Traffic (Commerce) --- Merchants --- World Trade Organization.

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Expectations are high regarding the potential benefits of public–private partnerships (PPPs) for infrastructure development in poor countries. The development community, led by the G20, the United Nations, and others, expects PPPs to help with “transformational” megaprojects as well as efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). But PPPs have been widely used only since the 1990s. The discussion of PPPs is still dominated by best-practice guidance, academic studies that focus on developed countries, or ideological criticism. Meanwhile, practitioners have quietly accumulated a large body of empirical evidence on PPP performance. The purpose of this book is to summarize and consolidate what this critical mass of evidence-based research says about PPPs in low-income countries (LICs) and thereby develop a more realistic perspective on the practical value of these mechanisms. The focus of the book is on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), home to most of the world’s poorest countries, although insights from other regions and more affluent developing countries are also included. Case studies of many of the best-known PPPs in Africa are used to illustrate these findings. This book demonstrates that PPPs have not met expectations in poor countries, and are only sustainable if many of the original defining characteristics of PPPs are changed. PPPs do have a small but meaningful role to play, but only if expectations remain modest and projects are subject to transparent evaluation and competition. Experiments with PPP mechanisms underway in some countries suggest ways in which PPPs may be evolving to better realize benefits in poor countries.

legitimiteit --- economie --- crisisbeheersing --- democratie --- Raad van de Europese Unie --- Europese Centrale Bank --- Europese Commissie --- Europees Parlement --- hospodářství --- économie --- икономика --- talous --- gospodarka --- economia --- majandus --- hospodárstvo --- ekonomika --- economy --- Wirtschaft --- gazdaság --- økonomi --- οικονομία --- привреда --- gospodarstvo --- економија --- ekonomija --- ekonomi --- economía --- ekonomikos mokslas --- gazdálkodás --- стопанство --- legitimacy --- leģitimitāte --- legitiimsus --- legitimnost --- teisėtumas --- легитимност --- legitimitate --- legittimità --- legitimitás --- leġittimità --- legitimiteetti --- νομιμότητα εξουσίας --- Legitimität --- legitimita --- prawowitość --- legitimitet --- légitimité --- legitimidade --- legitimidad --- legjitimitet --- Unrechtmäßigkeit --- неосновано --- oprávněnost --- illegitimitás --- Rechtmäßigkeit --- vizio di legittimità --- conformità alle norme --- neoprávněnost --- основано --- legittimismo --- неоправдано --- legittimazione --- оправдано --- нелегитимно --- ilegitimita --- illegittimità --- nelegitimnost --- Illegitimität --- An Coimisiún Eorpach --- Comisia Europeană --- Evropska komisija --- Europos Komisija --- Komisioni Europian --- Ευρωπαϊκή Επιτροπή --- Il-Kummissjoni Ewropea --- Komisja Europejska --- Europska komisija --- European Commission --- Európska komisia --- Európai Bizottság --- Comissão Europeia --- Европейска комисия --- Euroopa Komisjon --- Europäische Kommission --- Европска комисија --- Evropská komise --- Comisión Europea --- Commissione europea --- Euroopan komissio --- Eiropas Komisija --- Commission européenne --- Europa-Kommissionen --- Europeiska kommissionen --- CEG --- EBK --- Komisia Európskych spoločenstiev --- Komise ES --- Komise Evropských společenství --- Kommissionen --- Komisija EZ-a --- Il-Kummissjoni tal-Komunitajiet Ewropej --- Euroopa Ühenduste Komisjon --- Komisija Evropskih skupnosti --- EB Komisija --- CCE --- Europos Bendrijų Komisija --- Comisia Comunității Europene --- Comisión CE --- Komisja Wspólnot Europejskich --- Komisija ES --- EKK --- Komision i KE-së --- az EK Bizottsága --- Komisija EU-a --- KES --- Coimisiún na gComhphobal Eorpach --- КЕЗ --- Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber --- Комисија на ЕЗ --- Επιτροπή των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων --- EK Komisija --- EG-Kommission --- EY:n komissio --- Komisia ES --- Comissão das Comunidades Europeias --- ΕΕΚ --- Komision i Komuniteteve Europiane --- EF-Kommissionen --- Kommission EG --- Commission of the European Communities --- Комисија на ЕУ --- Επιτροπή ΕΚ --- EG–Commissie --- Комисија ЕЗ --- Commission CE --- Europeiska gemenskapernas kommission --- Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas --- EU Commission --- CEC --- kommissionen --- Euroopan yhteisöjen komissio --- EG-kommissionen --- Commission des Communautés européennes --- Комисија Европских заједница --- EC Commission --- EK --- Kommission der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- ЕК --- Coimisiún de na Comhphobail Eorpacha --- Comissão CE --- Commissione delle Comunità europee --- Eiropas Kopienu Komisija --- Commissie van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- Commissione CE --- KKE --- az Európai Közösségek Bizottsága --- European Parliament --- Evropski parlament --- Evropský parlament --- Euroopa Parlament --- Parlament Europejski --- Parlement européen --- Europa-Parlamentet --- Európsky parlament --- Ευρωπαϊκό Κοινοβούλιο --- Eiropas Parlaments --- Europäisches Parlament --- Европски парламент --- Euroopan parlamentti --- Parlamento Europeo --- Europski parlament --- il-Parlament Ewropew --- Parlamentul European --- Parlamento Europeu --- Europos Parlamentas --- Europaparlamentet --- Parlamento europeo --- Parlamenti Europian --- Parlaimint na hEorpa --- Európai Parlament --- Европейски парламент --- Europeiska parlamentariska församlingen --- Asamble Parlamentare Europiane --- PE --- EG Parlement --- Euroopan parlamentaarinen edustajakokous --- Euroopa Ühenduste Assamblee --- Európai Parlamenti Közgyűlés --- EP --- Parlament EG --- EG-Parlament --- Európske parlamentné zhromaždenie --- Forsamlingen --- Parlamento delle Comunità europee --- European Assembly --- Europäische Versammlung --- Eurocámara --- ЕП --- Asamble Europiane --- Ευρωκοινοβούλιο --- Europese vergadering --- Assembleia Parlamentar Europeia --- Parlament ES --- Euroopa Ühenduste Parlamentaarne Assamblee --- Asamblea Parlamentaria Europea --- Assemblea parlamentare europea --- Assemblée européenne --- European Parliamentary Assembly --- Asamblea Europea --- Assembleia Europeia --- Eiropas parlamentārā asambleja --- Europäische Parlamentarische Versammlung --- Versammlung EG --- Europska skupština --- Συνέλευση --- Assemblea europea --- Eiropas Asambleja --- Euroopan edustajakokous --- Assemblée parlementaire européenne --- ευρωπαϊκή κοινοβουλευτική συνέλευση --- Európske zhromaždenie --- Europeiska församlingen --- Adunarea Parlamentară Europeană --- Europos Asamblėja --- Ευρωπαϊκή Συνέλευση --- Europarlamento --- Europos Parlamento Asamblėja --- Európai Közgyűlés --- Banco Central Europeu --- Европска централна банка --- European Central Bank --- Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα --- Europos Centrinis Bankas --- il-Bank Ċentrali Ewropew --- Európska centrálna banka --- Banca centrale europea --- Den Europæiske Centralbank --- An Banc Ceannais Eorpach --- Banque centrale européenne --- Banka Qendrore Europiane --- Europäische Zentralbank --- Europska središnja banka --- Европейска централна банка --- Europejski Bank Centralny --- Euroopa Keskpank --- Eiropas Centrālā banka --- Európai Központi Bank --- Evropska centralna banka --- Banco Central Europeo --- Banca Centrală Europeană --- Europeiska centralbanken --- Euroopan keskuspankki --- Evropská centrální banka --- EZB --- EKT --- ECB --- Evropská ústřední banka --- EBC --- EKP --- EKB --- ústřední banka --- BĊE --- BQE --- ЕЦБ --- Europos centrinis bankas --- BCE --- Këshilli i Bashkimit Europian --- Conseil de l'Union européenne --- Europos Sąjungos Taryba --- Савет Европске уније --- Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh --- Consiliul Uniunii Europene --- Euroopa Liidu Nõukogu --- Consiglio dell'Unione europea --- Rada Evropské unie --- Совет на Европската Унија --- az Európai Unió Tanácsa --- Vijeće Europske unije --- Svet Evropske unije --- Rat der Europäischen Union --- Euroopan unionin neuvosto --- Consejo de la Unión Europea --- Rådet for Den Europæiske Union --- Rada Unii Europejskiej --- Συμβούλιο της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης --- Council of the European Union --- Rada Európskej únie --- Съвет на Европейския съюз --- il-Kunsill tal-Unjoni Ewropea --- Eiropas Savienības Padome --- Conselho da União Europeia --- Europeiska unionens råd --- Consiglio delle Comunità europee --- Rada ES --- Europese Ministerraad --- ministerrrådet --- Council of the European Communities --- Sąjungos Taryba --- Consejo de la UE --- Rada ministrů EU --- Europos Sąjungos Ministrų Taryba --- Eiropas Ministru padome --- Consiglio dell'Unione --- Conselho da União --- Совет на министри на Европската унија --- Europäischer Ministerrat --- EU Council --- Këshill i BE-së --- European Union Council --- Conseil des Communautés européennes --- Raad van de Unie --- Rada Únie --- az Európai Közösségek Tanácsa --- consiliul Comunităților Europene --- ES Ministrų Taryba --- Rada EU --- Europos Ministrų Taryba --- Savienības Padome --- Consejo de Ministros Europeo --- Rådet for De Europæiske Fællesskaber --- Consiglio dei ministri europeo --- Συμβούλιο των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων --- EG-Ministerrat --- Συμβούλιο των Υπουργών --- EG Ministerraad --- Këshilli i Komuniteteve Europiane --- EU:n neuvosto --- Consejo de las Comunidades Europeas --- Eiropas Kopienu Padome --- Conseil CE --- EÜ Nõukogu --- EL Ministrite Nõukogu --- Consiglio dei ministri CE --- Euroopan ministerineuvosto --- consiliul de miniștri european --- Council of European Ministers --- Consiglio CE --- Rat der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- Conseil des ministres européen --- EU Ministerraad --- Europos Bendrijų Taryba --- EL Nõukogu --- Совет на министри на ЕУ --- Conseil de l'Union --- Συμβούλιο Υπουργών των ΕΚ --- Raad EG --- rådet --- rådet (EG) --- Euroopan yhteisöjen neuvosto --- Europeiska gemenskapernas råd --- Ministerrådet (EF) --- EB Ministrų Taryba --- Këshill i KE-së --- Rada ministrov ES --- Conselho das Comunidades Europeias --- Këshilli i Bashkimit --- Vijeće EU-a --- Këshill i Ministrave Europianë --- Rat der Union --- EU Miniszterek Tanácsa --- Rada Európskych spoločenstiev --- Rådet --- Совет на ЕУ --- EU Tanács --- az Unió Tanácsa --- EC Council --- Conselho CE --- Rada Evropských společenství --- Euroopa Ühenduste Nõukogu --- Rada unie --- EK Tanács --- EF's Ministerråd --- Συμβούλιο των ΕΚ --- Vijeće EZ-a --- Council of the Union --- Vijeće ministara EU-a --- δημοκρατία --- demokrácia --- demokrātija --- democracia --- demokraatia --- democrazia --- demokracija --- démocratie --- demokratija --- democrație --- democracy --- demokratia --- demokracie --- demokracja --- demokrati --- demokraci --- demokracia --- Demokratie --- demokrazija --- демокрация --- демократија --- politický pluralizmus --- pluralizm polityczny --- πολιτικός πλουραλισμός --- folkstyre --- folkestyre --- politiek pluralisme --- politischer Pluralismus --- politiskais plurālisms --- demokrātiska vienlīdzība --- politikai pluralizmus --- égalité démocratique --- politický pluralismus --- ugwaljanza demokratika --- pluraliżmu politiku --- barazi demokratike --- pluralismo político --- politinis pliuralizmas --- politisk jämlikhet --- демократична равнопоставеност --- igualdad democrática --- democratische gelijkheid --- demokratische Gleichheit --- δημοκρατικό πολίτευμα --- demokraattinen yhdenvertaisuus --- poliittinen pluralismi --- demokratična enakost --- democratic equality --- demokratikus egyenlőség --- pluralisme politique --- politisk mångfald --- demokraatlik võrdsus --- igualdade democrática --- politisk pluralism --- ludowładztwo --- политически плурализъм --- politisk pluralisme --- pluralism politic --- pluralismo politico --- pluralizëm politik --- demokratická rovnost --- politički pluralizam --- uguaglianza democratica --- politični pluralizem --- egalitate democratică --- demokratická rovnosť --- political pluralism --- poliitiline pluralism --- demokratinė lygybė --- политички плурализам --- válságkezelés --- krízové riadenie --- krisestyring --- gestion de crise --- gestione delle crisi --- управљање кризама --- crisis management --- krizové řízení --- gestão de crises --- bainistíocht géarchéime --- krīzes pārvarēšana --- kriisinhallinta --- Krisenmanagement --- upravljanje krizom --- zarządzanie kryzysowe --- справяне с кризи --- maniġġar tal-kriżijiet --- kriisiohjamine --- gestionarea crizelor --- krizno upravljanje --- διαχείριση κρίσεων --- krishantering --- gestión de crisis --- krizių valdymas --- gestione delle emergenze --- hädaolukordade ohjamine --- ārkārtas situācijas pārvaldība --- crisisbeheer --- справяне с извънредни ситуации --- krisehåndtering --- beredskabsstyring --- riadenie núdzových situácií --- emergency management --- krīžu pārvarēšana --- avarijų valdymas --- beheer van noodsituaties --- katasztrófaelhárítás --- gestion des crises --- gestão de emergências --- poikkeustilanteiden hallinta --- válságmenedzsment --- upravljanje u hitnim situacijama --- gestion de situation de crise --- ġestjoni tal-kriżijiet --- zvládání mimořádných událostí --- управљање кризним ситуацијама --- Katastrophen- und Krisenmanagement --- ġestjoni tal-emerġenzi --- ekstremaliųjų situacijų valdymas --- gestion de situation d'urgence --- gestión de emergencias --- hätätilanteiden hallinta --- katastrofehåndtering --- διαχείριση καταστάσεων έκτακτης ανάγκης --- maniġġar tal-emerġenzi --- veszélyhelyzet-kezelés --- upravljanje u kriznim situacijama --- zarządzanie sytuacjami wyjątkowymi --- obvladovanje izrednih razmer --- ārkārtas situāciju pārvaldība --- gestionarea situațiilor de urgență --- Financial crises --- Political aspects --- Parlament Ewropew --- Political systems --- International relations. Foreign policy --- International finance --- European Union --- beredskabsindsats --- реагиране при извънредни ситуации --- odzivanje na izredne razmere --- Sofortmaßnahmen --- beredskab --- emergency response --- hätäapu --- działanie w sytuacji wyjątkowej --- rispons f'każ ta' emerġenza --- katastrofeindsats --- reakce na mimořádné události --- räddningsinsats --- réaction d’urgence --- odgovor na izvanredan događaj --- reaģēšana ārkārtas situācijās --- resposta a emergências --- kriseberedskab --- αντιμετώπιση καταστάσεων έκτακτης ανάγκης --- respons in noodsituaties --- intervenție de urgență --- katastrofberedskap --- reakcia na núdzové situácie --- vészhelyzet-elhárítás --- risposta all'emergenza --- hädaolukordadele reageerimine --- nødberedskab --- respuesta de emergencia --- skubus reagavimas --- geilleagar --- dlisteanacht --- daonlathas --- bainistiú géarchéime --- ūkis --- economic recession --- EU Member State --- euro area --- členský stát EU --- države članice EU-a --- țări ale UE --- Stat Membru tal-UE --- Shtetet Anëtare të BE-së --- EU-tagállam --- państwo członkowskie UE --- État membre UE --- Stato membro UE --- EU-medlemsstat --- štáty EÚ --- Mitgliedstaat der EU --- država članica EU --- земља ЕУ --- Estado-Membro UE --- κράτος μέλος ΕΕ --- ES dalībvalsts --- medlemsstat i EU --- ELi riigid --- EU:n jäsenvaltio --- държави от Европейския съюз --- ES valstybė narė --- EU-lidstaat --- Estado miembro UE --- Ballstát den Aontas Eorpach --- земји членки на ЕУ --- krajiny EÚ --- EG-land --- EK valsts --- země ES --- Mitgliedsland der Europäischen Union --- paese dell'Unione europea --- pays CE --- κράτος μέλος της ΕΕ --- země Evropské unie --- krajiny Európskej únie --- Mitgliedsland der Europäischen Gemeinschaften --- EG-Land --- χώρα ΕΕ --- países CE --- kraje UE --- Euroopan unionin maat --- земји членки на Европската Заедница --- ELi liikmesriik --- država EU --- pays de l'Union européenne --- země Evropských společenství --- EU-Staat --- EK-tagország --- земји од ЕУ --- vend i KE-së --- land i Det Europæiske Fællesskab --- χώρα ΕΚ --- Estado miembro de la UE --- EÜ riik --- paese CE --- EU country --- país UE --- Europos Bendrijos šalis --- ES šalis --- European Community country --- земји од ЕЗ --- ES valsts --- Estado-Membro da União Europeia --- štáty Európskej únie --- ELi riik --- państwo UE --- EG-medlemsstat --- EC country --- Euroopa Liidu riik --- European Union country --- Mitgliedstaat der Europäischen Union --- paese della Comunità europea --- pays UE --- vend i Bashkimit Europian --- země EU --- EU-maat --- EU-ország --- EU-tagország --- land i Europeiska gemenskapen --- zemlje članice EU-a --- país de la UE --- países da União Europeia --- vend i BE-së --- vend i Komunitetit Europian --- land i Europeiska unionen --- EU-stat --- stat membru al Comunității Europene --- EF-land --- stat membru al Uniunii Europene --- EG-stat --- países de la Unión Europea --- az Európai Unió tagállama --- landen van de Europese Gemeenschappen --- krajiny Európskych spoločenstiev --- Europos Sąjungos šalis --- EU:n jäsenmaat --- Euroopa Ühenduse riik --- Eiropas Savienības valsts --- EU-land --- Stato membro dell'UE --- lidstaten van de Europese Unie --- paese UE --- landen van de EG --- EU-Land --- pays de la Communauté européenne --- țări membre ale Comunității Europene --- países de la Comunidad Europea --- EK-tagállam --- land i Den Europæiske Union --- Eiropas Kopienas valstis --- az Európai Közösségek tagállama --- EB šalis --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- economische recessie --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- talouden taantuma --- récession économique --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- zona e euros --- ζώνη ευρώ --- eurozone --- еврозона --- евро зона --- zone euro --- eurozóna --- an limistéar euro --- żona tal-euro --- eurozona --- strefa euro --- euroområdet --- euroala --- Euro-Währungsgebiet --- еврообласт --- euroövezet --- euro zona --- zonă euro --- zona euro --- euroalue --- euroobmočje --- europodručje --- Euroland --- euroland --- euro-područje --- eurózóna --- eursko područje --- euro-zona --- Euro-Raum --- obszar euro --- područje eura --- żona euro --- evroobmočje --- Euro-Gebiet --- euro-zóna --- Eurolandë --- zona eura --- eurogebied --- área do euro --- euro zóna --- zona del euro --- Euro-Währungsraum --- eurotsoon --- euróövezet --- evrsko območje --- Euro-Zone --- eurótérség --- Euro tėvynė --- Unión Europea --- Política y gobierno --- Países de la Unión Europea --- Politica económica