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Published in 1998, Societies In Making IIs 89 is a valuable contribution to the field of Sociology & Social Policy.

Communities - Urban Groups --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Sociology of environment

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In recent years the development of spatial referencing techniques in com­ puter-based information systems has enormously increased the opportuni­ ties that exist for the treatment and presentation of both point and interaction data. The extent of this increase has drawn attention to the need for special aggregation and clustering procedures to be developed which enable data to be grouped in an efficient way for analytical pur­ poses with a minimum loss of detail. In the case of interaction data, economy of representation is particularly important as the analysis is further complicated by the two-way directionality that is inherent in each data set. Procedural rules of this kind are needed not only for descriptive analy­ sis and spatial accounting but also for hypothesis testing and the develop­ ment of operational models of spatial interaction. Yet the importance of spatial representation in this kind of research has only recently been fully understood. The first generation of urban development models that were developed in Europe and North America during the 1960's often treated matters of zoning system specification very casually, even though in some cases this imposed severe limits on the interpretation of their findings and it was not until the Centre for Environmental Studies/Cheshire project (Barras et al. , 1971) that a serious attempt was made to put forward general principles which could be used as guidelines in future work.

Economic geography --- Regional planning --- Central places --- Space in economics --- Methodology --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- Regional planning - Methodology

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Cities and towns --- Urban anthropology --- Sociology, Urban --- Cities and towns. --- Sociology, Urban. --- Urban anthropology. --- Anthropology, Urban --- Urban sociology --- Global cities --- Municipalities --- Towns --- Urban areas --- Urban systems --- Ethnology --- Human settlements --- Social Sciences --- Anthropology --- Communities - Urban Groups

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Historians have considered medieval oligarchic groups as part of a hierarchical social structure in urban societies. Frequently the interpretation of oligarchy as an isolated faction makes it difficult to understand its capacity in processes of incorporation and integration. M. Asenjo-González’s study of different cities in Northern Castile - Segovia, Soria, Valladolid and Toledo — attempts to identify bonding processes and the relationships among individuals or groups. In the city of Cuenca, J. A. Jara-Fuente stresses the importance of mechanisms for the attribution of social spaces of projection (related to individuals, lineages or collectivities), because it is through the analysis of the social expectations and of the degree of satisfaction reached in that process that other patterns of relationship come to light. Y. Guerrero-Navarrete deals with the connections between financial groups and the oligarchic policy of the elite in the case of Burgos. In Granada, A. Galán-Sánchez analyzes the Islamic elites’ behaviour, considering their economic and political interests, related to the goodwill of the Christian conquerors, and, their functions as representatives of the second-class citizens who were the moriscos. F. Sabaté focuses his research on the social consequences of the merchant oligarchy investments in the urban surroundings that contributed to establishing a flow of capital between the city and the region in Catalonia. E. Ramírez-Vaquero analyzes aspects of great relevance such as the relationship that oligarchies had with other systems linked to the noble and court spheres in the cities of Navarra. Finally Marc Boone offers an historiographic reflection on Iberian urban elites and analyzes some comparative perspectives about oligarchy and patronage in the Late Middle Ages.

History of Spain --- anno 1200-1499 --- Oligarchy --- Patronage, Political --- Oligarchie --- Favoritisme --- History --- Histoire --- Spain --- Espagne --- Cities and towns, Medieval --- Elite (Social sciences) --- Social conditions. --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- Social conditions --- Elites (Social sciences) --- Leadership --- Power (Social sciences) --- Social classes --- Social groups --- Medieval cities and towns --- Cities and towns [Medieval ] --- History.

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Economic production --- Economic structure --- Economic geography --- Central places --- Space in economics --- Mathematical models --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Communities - Urban Groups --- -Central places --- -Space in economics --- -Spatial economics --- Economics --- Regional economics --- Development centers --- Growth centers --- Cities and towns --- Mathematical models. --- -Mathematical models --- Central places - Mathematical models --- Central places - Sweden --- Space in economics - Mathematical models --- GEOGRAPHIE URBAINE --- RESEAUX ET ZONES D'INFLUENCE