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"The world's first great empires established by the ancient Persians, Chinese, and Romans are well known, but not the empires that emerged on their margins in response to them over the course of 2,500 years. These counterempires or shadow empires, which changed the course of history, include the imperial nomad confederacies that arose in Mongolia and extorted resources from China rather than attempting to conquer it, as well as maritime empires such as ancient Athens that controlled trade without seeking territorial hegemony. In Shadow Empires, Thomas Barfield identifies seven kinds of counterempire and explores their rise, politics, economics, and longevity. What all these counterempires had in common was their interactions with existing empires that created the conditions for their development. When highly successful, these counterempires left the shadows to become the world's largest empires--for example, those of the medieval Muslim Arabs and of the Mongol heirs of Chinggis Khan. Three former shadow empires-Manchu Qing China, Tsarist Russia, and British India-made this transformation in the late eighteenth century and came to rule most of Eurasia. However, the DNA of their origins endured in their unique ruling strategies. Indeed, world powers still use these strategies today, long after their roots in shadow empires have been forgotten." -- "For over two millennia, empires were the dominant political organizations in Eurasia. The premodern empires with which we are most familiar arose through a process of internal development and military conquest. Self-generating and self-supporting-in author Thomas Barfield's term, "endogenous"- empires such as those of ancient Persia, China, and Rome imposed sophisticated central administration over territories spanning millions of square kilometers and inhabited by tens of millions of people. But there were other imperial formations in the ancient world that have attracted much less attention: those that arose adjacent to ancient imperial states and that did not practice centralized forms of rule. Thomas Barfield calls them "shadow" or "exogenous" empires. This book provides the reader with the analytical tools to better understand these premodern political formations that arose on the periphery of betterknown, centralized empires. In sum, Barfield provides a new schematic account of premodern empires, one that adopts a broadly comparative perspective and that invites scholars and students of empire to push their investigations beyond received categories and established templates. When successful, shadow empires became centers of power in their own right. Some, such as the nomadic empires that emerged in Mongolia, used their powerful horse cavalry to extort China rather than conquer it. The Mongols and the Xiongnu started out seeking wealth through extortion and ended up creating formidable empires. Similarly, maritime polities such as ancient Athens sought indirect paths to power, using their naval forces to control the profits of trade without taking on the responsibility of ruling the people who produced the wealth. No matter how large or powerful they became, argues Barfield, shadow empires always retained aspects of their earlier incarnations, particularly in the ways they approached governance and foreign relations. Like their endogenous counterparts, shadow empires established organizational templates employed by later empires-including the colonial empires of the modern era-whose modes of administration, emphasis on trade and resource extraction, and governing strategies recalled those of the shadow empires of earlier times. By considering the diverse array of exogenous empires together as a class (or as an ideal type, in Max Weber's understanding of that term), and comparing them to their endogenous counterparts, scholars in empire studies can decenter Western imperial history in the discipline and better understand the significant role played by these shadow states in shaping global history"--

World history --- Imperialism --- Impérialisme --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / Imperialism. --- History. --- Histoire.

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Histoire des deux Indes, was arguably the first major example of a world history, exploring the ramifications of European colonialism from a global perspective. Underpinning the encyclopedic scope of the work was an extensive transnational network of correspondents and informants assiduously cultivated by Raynal to obtain the latest expert knowledge. How these networks shaped Raynal's writing and what they reveal about eighteenth-century intellectual sociability, trade and global interaction is the driving theme of this current volume.--Publisher's description.

Raynal, Guillaume Thomas --- Imperialism --- Colonies --- Impérialisme --- Early works to 1800 --- Ouvrages avant 1800 --- Raynal, --- Colonialisme (idée politique) --- 18e siècle --- Raynal, Guillaume. --- Europe --- Impérialisme --- Early works to 1800.

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"European journal of overseas history."

Colonies --- Imperialism --- Impérialisme --- History --- Periodicals --- Histoire --- Périodiques --- Netherlands --- Pays-Bas --- Colonies. --- Imperialism. --- Netherlandish colonies. --- Impérialisme --- Périodiques --- Periodicals. --- Business, Economy and Management --- Trade and Commerce

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Totalitarianism. --- Racism. --- Imperialism. --- Political violence. --- Totalitarisme --- Racisme --- Impérialisme --- Violence politique --- Arendt, Hannah, --- Genocide. --- Impérialisme --- Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Arendt, Hannah

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"This new book by historian Lauren Benton offers a novel five-century history of violence in European empires from 1400 to 1900. Her focus is the hidden logic of limited war that drove conflict across many centuries and diverse regions. Never "minor" for the victims, Benton shows how such small wars-described as "border skirmishes" or "peacekeeping operations"-profoundly affected the lived experiences of people in empires around the world. Worse, such conflicts often opened trap doors to atrocities and massacres as entire indigenous communities were seen as particularly legitimate targets of generalized violence. At stake is an understanding of why small wars never remain small and why even now global law seems powerless to contend with them. Imperial small wars were, and remain, the beating heart of the global order as the motivations behind them became embedded both legally and institutionally. The first part of the book discusses raiding and captive-taking and the spread of militarized garrisons that advanced European imperial power. It maps serial small wars as components of conquest and questions the logic of truces, truce-breaking, and massacre. The second part turns to the long nineteenth century. As Europeans inserted themselves into politically complex regions, trading companies and settlers secured control over limited territories and relied on networks of alliance, proxy wars, and collaboration with other empires to fight against indigenous polities and enslaved rebels. In this context, imperial agents began to insist, with increasing force, on Europeans' authority to regulate the conduct of war. In the process, they sharpened characterizations of indigenous fighters as savage. Global militarization in the Seven Years War and the Napoleonic Wars further altered these routines and established a "new global regime of armed peace" in which Europe claimed a right to intervene militarily anywhere in the world. Finally, Benton makes the case that the legacy of violence from the imperial era lingers on until today, resulting in global tolerance for the kind of endless conflict we have witnessed during the War on Terror"-- Provided by publisher

War and civilization --- Peace. --- Violence --- Imperialism --- Colonization --- Guerre et civilisation --- Paix. --- Impérialisme --- Colonisation --- History. --- Histoire. --- World history --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1800-1899