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Even democracies commit war crimes. France, like other democracies, has not always kept up to the high standards expected from the „homeland of human rights”. Its colonial past shows that what it termed its “civilizing mission” was tainted with military, economic and religious abuses, denounced by a few courageous groups and individuals, and revealed in a few public trials. The Vichy government’s willing participation in Jewish persecution during the German occupation of France was ignored or denied until trials (Barbie, Touvier, Papon) brought to light these unpleasant facts in the 1990's. France’s participation in the Nuremberg and Tokyo Tribunals was relatively minor but useful. However, its participation in later international tribunals (Ex-Yugoslavia, Rwanda) revealed a few conflicts between French politics and the work of these tribunals. France’s participation in the International Criminal Court is also reviewed. These developments show that even democratic countries, like France but not France alone, can commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and even be accomplices in genocides. Reasons include pressures in exceptional periods of internal and/or external political/military tensions, nationalist policies, lack of judiciary independence, and lack of media exposure to abuses. However, past crimes must be recalled and exposed, particularly if they have been hidden, covered by amnesties, and not judicially punished. They must be visible as part of a country’s history in order to ensure that they are not repeated.

Kriegsverbrechen. --- Strafgerichtsbarkeit. --- Tribunal. --- Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit. --- Völkerstrafrecht. --- War crimes. --- Crime --- Internationaler Strafgerichtshof (Körperschaft) --- Geschichte 1940. --- Frankreich. --- Crimes against humanity --- Crimes against humanity. --- International crimes. --- Crimes, International --- International crime --- International offenses --- International crimes --- Genocide --- War crimes --- Law of armed conflicts. Humanitarian law --- Criminal law. Criminal procedure --- France

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In 2017 nam Chris Van den Wyngaert als buitengewoon hoogleraar afscheid van de Universiteit Antwerpen. Naar aanleiding van haar emeritaat bieden haar collega's en vrienden haar dit Liber Amicorum aan. De onderwerpen van de bijdragen reflecteren de diverse juridische domeinen waarin Chris Van den Wyngaert binnen en buiten de academische wereld haar sporen verdiende. Zij getuigen ook van de grote waardering die in de ruime academische en gerechtelijke wereld voor haar en voor haar werk leeft.

Law --- BPB9999 --- Droit pénal --- Van den Wijngaert, Christine --- BPB1901 --- Criminologie --- Politique de sécurité --- Terrorisme --- Crime de guerre --- Strafrecht --- Veiligheidsbeleid --- Oorlogsmisdaad --- Constitution --- Grondwet --- воено злосторство --- krigsforbrydelse --- háborús bűncselekmény --- Kriegsverbrechen --- krigsförbrytelse --- crimen de guerra --- vojni zločin --- военно престъпление --- ратни злочин --- crimine di guerra --- delitt tal-gwerra --- karo nusikaltimas --- kara noziegums --- ratni zločin --- sõjakuritegu --- sotarikos --- krim lufte --- coir chogaidh --- crime de guerra --- przestępstwo wojenne --- war crime --- crime de război --- έγκλημα πολέμου --- vojnový zločin --- válečný zločin --- oorlogsmisdaad --- criminal de guerra --- воени злосторства против ранети и болни --- criminel de guerre --- sotarikollinen --- Меѓународен кривичен суд за воени злосторства во поранешна Југославија --- ratni zločinac --- sõjakurjategija --- háborús bűnös --- karo nusikaltėlis --- εγκληματίας πολέμου --- violazione del diritto internazionale bellico --- oorlogsmisdadiger --- kriminel lufte --- criminoso de guerra --- воени злосторства против цивилни лица --- vojnový zločinec --- злосторства против човечноста --- sõjasüütegu --- válečný zločinec --- criminal de razboi --- kara noziedznieks --- háborús bűnök --- criminale di guerra --- Kriegsverbrecher --- krigsförbrytare --- воен злосторник --- volkenmoord --- воени злосторства против воени заробеници --- krigsforbryder --- war criminal --- τρομοκρατία --- terroriżmu --- terorisms --- terrorismo --- terrorism --- terrorizmus --- terorizam --- terorismus --- terorizem --- тероризам --- Terrorismus --- terorism --- terorizmus --- terrorizëm --- тероризъм --- terorizmas --- terroryzm --- terrorismi --- terrorisme --- καταστολή της τρομοκρατίας --- terrorismo nero --- Bekämpfung des Terrorismus --- terrorista szervezet --- lucha contra el terrorismo --- терористичка група --- répression du terrorisme --- eliminim i terrorizmit --- lucha antiterrorista --- terorizmo išnaikinimas --- bekæmpelse af terrorisme --- grupo terrorista --- terrorszervezet --- potlačování terorismu --- elimination of terrorism --- brigate rosse --- bekämpande av terrorism --- combate contra o terrorismo --- antiterorizam --- kamp mot terrorism --- lupta împotriva terorismului --- terroristacsoport --- terrorismo di Stato --- πάταξη της τρομοκρατίας --- bestrijding van het terrorisme --- repressão do terrorismo --- борба против тероризам --- boj proti terorismu --- terrorizmus elleni küzdelem --- lotta al terrorismo --- terrorismo rosso --- zničenie terorizmu --- strage di Stato --- represión del terrorismo --- borba protiv terorizma --- repressione del terrorismo --- euroterrorismo --- terrorismin torjunta --- lutte contre le terrorisme --- антитероризам --- terorisma apkarošana --- terrorismivastane võitlus --- banda armada --- trestné právo --- prawo karne --- baudžiamoji teisė --- diritto penale --- наказателно право --- büntetőjog --- dlí coiriúil --- kriminaalõigus --- kazensko pravo --- drept penal --- strafrecht --- Derecho penal --- strafferet --- krimināllikums --- dritt kriminali --- straffrätt --- kazneno pravo --- ποινικό δίκαιο --- direito penal --- кривично право --- criminal law --- e drejtë penale --- trestní právo --- rikosoikeus --- кривичен закон --- казнено право --- krimināltiesības --- kriminaalkoodeks --- trestní právo hmotné --- criminal code --- trestný kódex --- diritto criminale --- direito criminal --- kriminalret --- droit criminel --- crimineel recht --- karistusõigus --- Derecho criminal --- criminología --- kryminologia --- kriminoloogia --- kriminologia --- kriminologi --- криминология --- coireolaíocht --- criminology --- kriminoloġija --- εγκληματολογία --- criminologia --- kriminologji --- kriminológia --- kriminologija --- криминологија --- Kriminologie --- criminologie --- kriminoloģija --- kriminologie --- криминалистика --- kriminální prevence --- kriminalistika --- kriminalisztika --- Kriminalistik --- пенологија --- penologie --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- sceimhlitheoireacht --- bunreacht --- Droit pénal

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Vlaamse oostfrontvrijwilligers zijn wel degelijk betrokken geweest bij oorlogsmisdaden en misdaden tegen de menselijkheid. Lange tijd nam men aan dat de vrijwilligers van het Vlaams Legioen en van het SS-regiment Westland, Vlaamse leden van het NSKK-vervoerkorps en van de Organisation Todt niets te maken hadden met de moorden op burgers, partizanen en Joden in Polen, Oekraïne en Rusland tussen 1939 en 1945. Frank Seberechts toont aan dat het tegendeel waar is: Vlaamse oostfrontstrijders hebben wel degelijk moorden gepleegd, waren getuige van massamoorden of hebben eraan deelgenomen. De soldaten van het Vlaams Legioen wisten dat ze de miljoenenstad Leningrad jarenlang mee uithongerden. Vlamingen maakten plannen en zetten de eerste bescheiden initiatieven op poten om in de veroverde gebieden bedrijven en kolonies op te richten, om samen met andere Germaanse volkeren de nieuwe territoria in het Oosten uit te buiten zonder zich te bekommeren om de oorspronkelijke bewoners. In dagboeken, memoires, brieven, pers en processtukken uit Belgische, Nederlandse, Duitse, Poolse en Russische archieven vertellen daders, getuigen en slachtoffers over onbekende misdaden van Vlamingen van driekwart eeuw geleden.

BPB9999 --- Geschiedenis van België en Luxemburg --- anno 1940-1949 --- 949.3.09 "1940" --- 949.3.036 --- BPB1902 --- Guerre --- Belgique --- Victime de guerre --- Crime de guerre --- 949.3.036 Geschiedenis van België: 2de wereldoorlog; repressie (1940-1945) --- Geschiedenis van België: 2de wereldoorlog; repressie (1940-1945) --- 949.3.09 "1940" Geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging--?"1940" --- Geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging--?"1940" --- Oorlog --- België --- Oorlogsslachtoffer --- Oorlogsmisdaad --- History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- Eastern Front --- World War, 1939-1945 --- Guerre mondiale (1939-1945) --- Soldiers --- Soldats --- Foreign enlistment --- Recrutement et engagement --- Campaigns --- Campagnes et batailles --- History --- Collaborationists --- Collaborateurs --- воено злосторство --- krigsforbrydelse --- háborús bűncselekmény --- Kriegsverbrechen --- krigsförbrytelse --- crimen de guerra --- vojni zločin --- военно престъпление --- ратни злочин --- crimine di guerra --- delitt tal-gwerra --- karo nusikaltimas --- kara noziegums --- ratni zločin --- sõjakuritegu --- sotarikos --- krim lufte --- coir chogaidh --- crime de guerra --- przestępstwo wojenne --- war crime --- crime de război --- έγκλημα πολέμου --- vojnový zločin --- válečný zločin --- oorlogsmisdaad --- criminal de guerra --- воени злосторства против ранети и болни --- criminel de guerre --- sotarikollinen --- Меѓународен кривичен суд за воени злосторства во поранешна Југославија --- ratni zločinac --- sõjakurjategija --- háborús bűnös --- karo nusikaltėlis --- εγκληματίας πολέμου --- violazione del diritto internazionale bellico --- oorlogsmisdadiger --- kriminel lufte --- criminoso de guerra --- воени злосторства против цивилни лица --- vojnový zločinec --- злосторства против човечноста --- sõjasüütegu --- válečný zločinec --- criminal de razboi --- kara noziedznieks --- háborús bűnök --- criminale di guerra --- Kriegsverbrecher --- krigsförbrytare --- воен злосторник --- volkenmoord --- воени злосторства против воени заробеници --- krigsforbryder --- war criminal --- жртва рата --- krigsoffer --- vittma tal-gwerra --- θύμα πολέμου --- жертва от война --- kara upuris --- vojnová obeť --- ratna žrtva --- воена жртва --- válečná oběť --- víctima de guerra --- žrtev vojne --- vítima de guerra --- oorlogsslachtoffer --- vittima di guerra --- sodan uhri --- háborús áldozat --- Kriegsopfer --- war victim --- karo auka --- sõjaohver --- viktimë lufte --- ofiary wojny --- victimă de război --- žrtva rata --- жртва на војна --- karadarbībā cietušie --- oběť války --- a háború áldozata --- Belgium --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- háború --- karas --- rat --- karš --- luftë --- válka --- Krieg --- wojna --- војна --- war --- sota --- krig --- рат --- πόλεμος --- vojna --- война --- război --- guerra --- sõda --- oorlog --- gwerra --- ozbrojený konflikt --- relvastatud konflikt --- fegyveres konfliktus --- väpnad konflikt --- aseellinen selkkaus --- conflitto --- oružani sukob --- válečný konflikt --- conflitto armato --- invasione armata --- bewaffneter Konflikt --- konflikt i armatosur --- εμπόλεμη κατάσταση --- armed conflict --- conflit armé --- ginkluotas konfliktas --- σύρραξη --- apertura delle ostilità --- gewapend conflict --- væbnet konflikt --- bewaffnete Auseinandersetzung --- conflict armat --- relvakonflikt --- dichiarazione di guerra --- conflito armado --- conflicto armado --- ozbrojený útočný čin --- ένοπλη σύγκρουση --- вооружен судир --- íospartach cogaidh --- cogadh --- 946 Tweede Wereldoorlog --- 950 Vlaamse Beweging --- collaboratie --- nationaalsocialisme --- nazisme --- Flamenpolitik --- books --- 920 --- Oostfront --- Tweede Wereldoorlog --- geschiedenis België --- histoire Belgique

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Jeune médecin congolais, Denis Mukwege découvre les difficultés rencontrées par les femmes enceintes pour accéder aux soins. Les grossesses se terminent souvent en tragédies. Sa vocation est née : il part étudier la gynécologie obstétrique en France, à Angers. De retour dans son pays, il s'installe à Lemera, dans les montagnes de l'Est du Congo, pour y dispenser des soins adaptés. Dix ans plus tard, en plein conflit, il fonde l'hôpital de Panzi et y "répare" les femmes victimes de violences sexuelles.Dans cette région, viols et mutilations génitales sont devenus pour les milices des armes de guerre : qui détruit les femmes détruit du même coup la structure familiale, sociale et économique. En dépit des menaces, Denis Mukwege alerte son gouvernement - qui s'obstine dans le déni - puis la communauté internationale, depuis la tribune des Nations unies en décembre 2006. Comme il le révèle dans cette autobiographie, le Dr Mukwege est toujours en danger et vit sous protection.Egalement pasteur, comme l'était son père, il continue à se battre pour les femmes, afin que cessent ces violences insoutenables.

BPB9999 --- Femmes et guerre --- Victimes de viol --- Mutilations sexuelles --- Soins médicaux --- Mukwege, Denis --- Autobiographie. --- BPB1811 --- Biographie --- Victime de guerre --- Victime civile --- Violence sexuelle --- Femme --- Crime de guerre --- République démocratique du Congo --- Biografie --- Oorlogsslachtoffer --- Slachtoffer onder burgerbevolking --- Seksueel geweld --- Vrouw --- Oorlogsmisdaad --- Democratische Republiek Congo --- Mukwege, Denis, --- Kongon demokraattinen tasavalta --- Demokratická republika Kongo --- Демократска Република Конго --- Kongo Demokraatlik Vabariik --- Demokratyczna Republika Konga --- Demokratična republika Kongo --- die Demokratische Republik Kongo --- Konžská demokratická republika --- Repubblica democratica del Congo --- Демократична република Конго --- Repubblika Demokratika tal-Kongo --- Kongói Demokratikus Köztársaság --- Congo, Republica Democratică --- Congo-Kinshasa --- República Democrática del Congo --- Demokratska Republika Kongo --- Den Demokratiske Republik Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Republika Demokratike e Kongos --- Kongo Demokratinė Respublika --- Kongo Demokrātiskā Republika --- Demokratiska republiken Kongo --- Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία του Κονγκό --- Kongo Kinšasa --- Kongo DV --- Kongo (Leopoldville) --- Kongo (býv. Zair) --- Конго Слободна Држава --- Конго Киншаса --- Kinshasa Kongo --- Zair --- Zairas --- Ζαΐρ --- República Democrática do Congo --- Заир --- Κογκό Κινσάσα --- Beļģijas Kongo --- Kinshasa --- Congo Kinshasa --- Конго-Киншаса --- Zaire --- Zaïre --- Republica Congoleză --- Kongo (Kinshasa) --- ex Zaire --- Република Конго (Леополдвил) --- Белгиско Конго --- Zaira --- Kongo-Kinshasa --- Congo belgian --- Kongo Kinshasa --- Kinshasan Kongo --- Kinshasské Kongo --- Zairská republika --- воено злосторство --- krigsforbrydelse --- háborús bűncselekmény --- Kriegsverbrechen --- krigsförbrytelse --- crimen de guerra --- vojni zločin --- военно престъпление --- ратни злочин --- crimine di guerra --- delitt tal-gwerra --- karo nusikaltimas --- kara noziegums --- ratni zločin --- sõjakuritegu --- sotarikos --- krim lufte --- coir chogaidh --- crime de guerra --- przestępstwo wojenne --- war crime --- crime de război --- έγκλημα πολέμου --- vojnový zločin --- válečný zločin --- oorlogsmisdaad --- criminal de guerra --- воени злосторства против ранети и болни --- criminel de guerre --- sotarikollinen --- Меѓународен кривичен суд за воени злосторства во поранешна Југославија --- ratni zločinac --- sõjakurjategija --- háborús bűnös --- karo nusikaltėlis --- εγκληματίας πολέμου --- violazione del diritto internazionale bellico --- oorlogsmisdadiger --- kriminel lufte --- criminoso de guerra --- воени злосторства против цивилни лица --- vojnový zločinec --- злосторства против човечноста --- sõjasüütegu --- válečný zločinec --- criminal de razboi --- kara noziedznieks --- háborús bűnök --- criminale di guerra --- Kriegsverbrecher --- krigsförbrytare --- воен злосторник --- volkenmoord --- воени злосторства против воени заробеници --- krigsforbryder --- war criminal --- γυναίκα --- nő --- moteris --- kvinde --- ženska --- donna --- vrouw --- kvinna --- nainen --- woman --- жена --- mujer --- kobieta --- sieviete --- grua --- femeie --- mulher --- mara --- žena --- Frau --- naine --- sievietes --- moterys --- femei --- women --- gra --- przemoc seksualna --- сексуално насилство --- sexuellt våld --- seksuaalinen väkivalta --- violencia sexual --- vjolenza sesswali --- spolno nasilje --- seksualforbrydelse --- βιασμός --- dhunë seksuale --- sexual violence --- seksueel geweld --- seksuaalne vägivald --- sexuálně motivované násilí --- seksualinis prievartavimas --- nemi erőszak --- sexuálne motivované násilie --- violență sexuală --- сексуално насиље --- seksuāla vardarbība --- violência sexual --- violenza sessuale --- sexuelle Gewalt --- foréigean gnéasach --- сексуално насилие --- violação --- seksuele mishandeling --- spolni napad --- sexual assault --- abbuż sesswali --- sexuálny útok --- seksualinė prievarta --- agressão sexual --- rape --- полово насилство --- сексуално злостављање --- seksuāla izmantošana --- seksualno nasilje --- sexual abuse --- ionsaí gnéasach --- agression sexuelle --- znásilnění --- violación --- izvarošana --- σεξουαλική κακοποίηση --- raiskaus --- Sexualstraftat --- sexuální zneužívání --- Vergewaltigung --- σεξουαλική επίθεση --- sexuellt ofredande --- erőszakos nemi közösülés --- voldtægt --- силување --- niegodziwe traktowanie w celach seksualnych --- seksualno zlostavljanje --- sexuální násilí --- γενετήσια βία --- stupro --- abus sexuel --- estupro --- drochúsáid ghnéasach --- abuso sexual --- szemérem elleni erőszak --- väkisinmakaaminen --- seksuāls uzbrukums --- vägistamine --- abuso sessuale --- lytinė prievarta --- išžaginimas --- seksualinis išpuolis --- sexueller Missbrauch --- znásilnenie --- aggressione sessuale --- agresión sexual --- pohlavné zneužívanie --- szexuális visszaélés --- attakk sesswali --- seksualni napad --- abusos deshonestos --- våldtäkt --- abuz sexual --- seksuelt misbrug --- napaść na tle seksualnym --- pohlavní zneužívání --- seksuelt overgreb --- përdhunim --- vardarbīga dzimumtieksmes apmierināšana --- sexuální útok --- сексуално нападение --- spolna zloraba --- sexuelle Nötigung --- verkrachting --- aanranding --- seksuaalne kuritarvitamine --- sexuálne zneužívanie --- violenza carnale --- seksuaalne rünnak --- viol --- silovanje --- sexuální trestný čin --- seksuaalinen hyväksikäyttö --- vittima civile --- viktimë civile --- civiliedzīvotāju upuri --- civilinė auka --- civilní oběť --- civilna žrtev --- civilna žrtva --- civilné obete --- vítima civil --- víctima civil --- civilian victim --- жертва сред цивилното население --- vittma ċivili --- slachtoffer onder burgerbevolking --- victimă civilă --- polgári áldozat --- tsiviilohver --- ofiary cywilne --- цивилна жртва --- siviiliuhri --- θύμα άμαχου πληθυσμού --- Opfer unter der Zivilbevölkerung --- civilt offer --- жртва рата --- krigsoffer --- vittma tal-gwerra --- θύμα πολέμου --- жертва от война --- kara upuris --- vojnová obeť --- ratna žrtva --- воена жртва --- válečná oběť --- víctima de guerra --- žrtev vojne --- vítima de guerra --- oorlogsslachtoffer --- vittima di guerra --- sodan uhri --- háborús áldozat --- Kriegsopfer --- war victim --- karo auka --- sõjaohver --- viktimë lufte --- ofiary wojny --- victimă de război --- žrtva rata --- жртва на војна --- karadarbībā cietušie --- oběť války --- a háború áldozata --- elulookirjeldus --- bijografija --- biography --- elämäkerta --- biografia --- biografija --- biografía --- βιογραφία --- biografie --- životopis --- življenjepis --- биография --- биографија --- életrajz --- biogrāfija --- biografi --- autobiografi --- önéletrajz --- autobiography --- gyvenimo aprašymas --- autobiografija --- autobiografía --- semblanza --- biografický slovník --- autobiografie --- autobiogrāfija --- автобиографија --- omaelämäkerta --- självbiografi --- biográfia --- biograafia --- autobiografia --- önéletírás --- selvbiografi --- αυτοβιογραφία --- Autobiografie --- memoárová literatura --- autobiographie --- autobiograafia --- bean --- beathaisnéis --- Poblacht Dhaonlathach an Chongó --- íospartach sibhialtach --- íospartach cogaidh --- République démocratique du Congo