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The Belgian Constitution, once described as a model of consensus democracy, has now become an enigma in comparative federalism. On the one hand, it demonstrates features which suggest institutional instability as well as elements that enhance the probability of secession. On the other hand, Belgium continues to exist as a federal system, based upon linguistic bipolarity. This linguistic bipolarity dominates Belgian politics and has shaped the design of Belgium's institutions as well as the Constitution's fundamental organising principles: concepts of federalism, democracy, separation of powers, constitutionalism and the rule of law. In this book, the institutional structure and the principles governing the Belgian constitutional system are explained in the light of its historical, demographic and political context. Linguistic bipolarity and its historical evolution explain the establishment of the Belgian State structure as a dual federalism, with exclusive powers, instruments for consensus making and obstruction, and elements of con-federal decision-making. It also explains the evolution in the concept of principles of democracy and the rule of law. Besides describing the devolutionary process, the book also incorporates two other elements that have shaped the Belgian constitutional landscape: fundamental rights and Europeanisation

BPB1510 --- Constitution --- Belgique --- Grondwet --- België --- Verfassung. --- Verfassungsrecht. --- Belgien. --- grondwet --- Constitutional law --- Constitutional law. --- Belgium. --- Public law. Constitutional law --- Belgium --- Constitutions --- Droit constitutionnel --- Constitution. --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- bunreacht

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Constitutions --- Histoire constitutionnelle --- Public law. Constitutional law --- Belgium --- Constitutional law --- Droit constitutionnel --- History. --- Histoire --- 342.4 --- constitution --- Belgique --- BPB2105 --- 342.4 Grondwet --- Grondwet --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- België --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- BPB2105. --- Grondwet. --- bunreacht

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Public law. Constitutional law --- Russian Federation --- Constitutional law --- Droit constitutionnel --- Russia (Federation). --- Constitutional history --- BPB1402 --- Constitution --- Russie --- Grondwet --- Rusland --- Russia --- Constitutional history, Modern --- Constitutions --- History --- Ryssland --- Rusko --- An Rúis --- Русија --- ir-Russja --- Rusija --- Venäjä --- Ρωσία --- Rusia --- Oroszország --- die Russische Föderation --- Venemaa --- Русия --- Krievija --- Rússia --- Rosja --- Russische Föderation --- Venäjän federaatio --- Federata Ruse --- Ruská federace --- Fédération de Russie --- Federacja Rosyjska --- Ruská federácia --- Krievijas Federācija --- Venemaa Föderatsioon --- Russische Federatie --- il-Federazzjoni Russa --- Ruska federacija --- Den Russiske Føderation --- Federația Rusă --- Federação Russa --- Federazione russa --- RSFSR --- Ryska federationen --- Orosz Föderáció --- Руска Федерација --- Rußland --- Руска федерация --- Rusijos Federacija --- Federación de Rusia --- Russland --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- bunreacht --- Constitutional law - Russia (Federation) --- Constitutional history - Russia (Federation) --- Russie (Fédération de) --- Institutions politiques

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Comparative law --- Public law. Constitutional law --- Switzerland --- Constitutional law --- BPB1302 --- Constitution --- Suisse --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- Svizzera --- Elveția --- Швајцарија --- Šveits --- Швајцарска --- Švajčiarsko --- Schweiz --- An Eilvéis --- Suiza --- Швейцария --- Švica --- Šveice --- Sveitsi --- Švicarska --- Zvicra --- die Schweiz --- Szwajcaria --- Švýcarsko --- Suíça --- Šveicarija --- Ελβετία --- Svájc --- Zwitserland --- Sveitsin valaliitto --- Švicarska konfederacija --- Šveicarijos Konfederacija --- Konfederata Helvetike --- Хелветска Конфедерација --- Confederação Helvética --- Хелвеција --- Confédération suisse --- Helveetsia --- Šveitsi Konföderatsioon --- Švajčiarska konfederácia --- Švicarska Konfederacija --- die Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft --- Confederación Helvética --- Confederazione elvetica --- Šveices Savienība --- Schweiziska edsförbundet --- Ελβετική Συνομοσπονδία --- Confederazione svizzera --- Det Schweiziske Forbund --- Švýcarská konfederace --- Helvetic Confederation --- Svájci Államszövetség --- Конфедерация Швейцария --- Švýcarské spříseženectvo --- Swiss Confederation --- Švýcarská republika --- Швајцарска Конфедерација --- Konfederacja Szwajcarska --- Confederația Elvețiană --- Zwitserse Bondsstaat --- Konfederata Zvicerane --- Confédération helvétique --- Šveices Konfederācija --- Helvetische Confederatie --- Helvétská konfederace --- Confederação Suíça --- Interpretation and construction --- Switzerland. --- bunreacht

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Le principe d’égalité, contenu à l’article 10 de la Constitution, renforcé à l’article 11 qui garantit la non-discrimination, trouve encore dans la Constitution plusieurs affirmations spécifiques : en ce qui concerne l’égalité des sexes (art. 10, in fine, et 11bis), l’enseignement (art. 24) et l’impôt (art. 172). La compétence reconnue à la Cour d’arbitrage de vérifier la conformité des actes législatifs aux règles d’égalité et de non-discrimination a conféré à celles-ci un statut privilégié et il n’est pas établi que l’extension récente des compétences de la Cour transforme profondément cet état de choses. La jurisprudence très riche de la Cour d’arbitrage a pour effet de contraindre le législateur à mieux motiver ses choix. Depuis une quinzaine d’années, elle offre aux justiciables des perspectives non négligeables. En outre, le législateur ne s’est pas contenté d’enregistrer les nouvelles obligations dont il était le destinataire. Il a voulu favoriser certaines conceptions de l’égalité et de la non-discrimination en créant à la fois de nouvelles interdictions et de nouvelles obligations destinées directement au corps social. On connaît notamment l’importante loi du 25 février 2003 « tendant à lutter contre la discrimination et modifiant la loi du 15 février 1993 créant un Centre pour l’égalité des chances et la lutte contre le racisme ». Ce n’est pas la seule intervention législative de ce type. Dans le secteur communautaire de l’enseignement, notamment, un ensemble de règles spécifiques sont destinées à garantir l’égalité. Sont examinés dans cet ouvrage les traits de l’égalité et de la non-discrimination dans la jurisprudence de la Cour d’arbitrage, ainsi que des interventions législatives, à la fois d’un point de vue général et tout particulièrement en matière d’enseignement. Enfin, un représentant du « Centre pour l’égalité des chances et la lutte contre le racisme » présente le Centre et l’intérêt de son action pour les praticiens du Palais.

Human rights --- Equality before the law --- Discrimination --- Right to education --- Educational equalization --- Egalité devant la loi --- Droit à l'éducation --- Démocratisation de l'enseignement --- Law and legislation --- Droit --- 342.724 --- 342.722 --- KBC0412 --- Gelijkheid van ras --- Burgerlijke en politieke gelijkheid --- Égalité devant la loi --- Constitution --- Belgique --- 342.722 Burgerlijke en politieke gelijkheid --- 342.724 Gelijkheid van ras --- Gelijkheid voor de wet --- Grondwet --- België --- Egalité devant la loi --- Droit à l'éducation --- Démocratisation de l'enseignement --- Belgium --- Bélgica --- Belgija --- Belgien --- Belgie --- Belgicko --- Beļģija --- Белгија --- Belgio --- Белгия --- Belgia --- il-Belġju --- An Bheilg --- Βέλγιο --- Belgjika --- Belgia Kuningriik --- Beļģijas Karaliste --- Royaume de Belgique --- Belgian kuningaskunta --- Belgické kráľovstvo --- Koninkrijk België --- Belgijos Karalystė --- das Königreich Belgien --- Βασίλειο του Βελγίου --- Kingdom of Belgium --- Кралство Белгија --- Краљевина Белгија --- Belgické království --- Reino de Bélgica --- ir-Renju tal-Belġju --- Regatul Belgiei --- Kongeriget Belgien --- Кралство Белгия --- Mbretëria e Belgjikës --- Belga Királyság --- Królestwo Belgii --- Konungariket Belgien --- Reino da Bélgica --- Kraljevina Belgija --- Regno del Belgio --- costituzione --- forfatning --- конституция --- ústava --- grondwet --- författning --- Σύνταγμα --- põhiseadus --- Constitución --- konstitucija --- alkotmány --- ustava --- ustav --- Constituição --- perustuslaki --- konstitūcija --- constitution --- устав --- constituție --- kushtetutë --- konstytucja --- kostituzzjoni --- Verfassung --- costituzione flessibile --- ústavní zákon --- alkotmánytörvény --- costituzione rigida --- konstitucionalismus --- loi constitutionnelle --- lei constitucional --- carta costituzionale --- alkotmányerejű törvény --- constitutionele wet --- Satversme --- ley constitucional --- grundlag --- alaptörvény --- konstitucionālās prasības --- ústavní systém --- forfatningslov --- врховен закон --- θεμελιώδης νόμος --- ley constitutiva --- legge costituzionale --- Verfassungsgesetz --- ugwaljanza f'għajnejn il-liġi --- ισότητα έναντι του νόμου --- eguaglianza davanti alla legge --- rovnosť pred zákonom --- võrdsus seaduse ees --- једнакост пред законом --- yhdenvertaisuus lain edessä --- jednakost pred zakonom --- równość wobec prawa --- lygybė prieš įstatymą --- igualdade perante a lei --- igualdad ante la ley --- equality before the law --- gelijkheid voor de wet --- enakost pred zakonom --- lighed for loven --- barazia përpara ligjit --- еднаквост пред законот --- rovnost před zákonem --- Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz --- likhet inför lagen --- egalitate în fața legii --- törvény előtti egyenlőség --- vienlīdzība likuma priekšā --- равенство пред закона --- comhionannas faoin dlí --- bíróság előtti egyenlőség --- bunreacht --- Égalité devant la loi --- Egalité --- Droit constitutionnel belge --- Enseignement --- Centre pour l'égalité des chances --- principe de non-discrimination