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In this book, the author explores how search media can be incorporated into freedom of expression doctrine, as well as media and communications law and policy more generally. And the book develops a theory of the legal relations between national governments and search media providers on the one hand and between end-users and information providers on the other. Among the many issues covered are the following: role of government under the right to freedom of expression; lack of transparency about the ranking and selection of search results; search engine and ISP intermediary liability; filtering by access providers; freedom of expression and the governance of public libraries; the search engine market, its business model and the separation rule for advertising; search engine self-regulation; user profiling and personalization; decisions and actions for which search engines should be able to claim protection. The analysis draws on specific legal developments under Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the United States First Amendment, and investigates issues of diversity, pluralism, and freedom of expression as they relate to editorial control in other media. The author concludes with recommendations regarding search engine governance and the proper role of government, indicating which existing elements of the regulatory framework for search media can be improved and offering directions for future legal and empirical research. Considering the ever-growing cultural, political, and economic importance of the Internet and the World Wide Web in our societies, and the societal interests involved in the availability of effective search tools, this first in-depth legal analysis of search engine freedom will prove indispensable to the many practitioners and policymakers concerned with freedom of expression in the digital age.
Industrial and intellectual property --- Human rights --- Information systems --- Internet --- Web search engines --- Freedom of expression --- Law and legislation --- Internet - Law and legislation - Europe --- Web search engines - Europe --- Freedom of expression - Europe --- Internet - Law and legislation - United States --- Web search engines - United States --- Freedom of expression - United States --- Etats-Unis --- Chine --- Allemagne
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Freedom of expression is one of the cornerstones of all democratic systems. Without it ideas about how to protect the common good in our societies would be impoverished. A marketplace of ideas is essential for democracy to thrive. It is for this reason that the European Court of Human Rights attaches such importance to political discourse as well as to speech and other forms of expression that may shock and offend. Yet such freedom may clash with other rights such as the right to privacy, the right to a good reputation. It may even conflict with the need to protect public order or morals. Societies require pluralism if they are to grow yet democracy also seeks to limit extreme forms of speech that preach hate and advocate violence. But are such restrictions on free speech legitimate and by what criteria are we to judge their necessity?We rely on journalists to report accurately the controversies of the day and protect their right not to reveal sources. They also enjoy a broad right of fair comment. But we expect them to be responsible in their factual reporting, to check their sources and to have regard to the need to observe some degree of restraint when reporting or commenting on matters that affect the rights of others. But is it legitimate to interfere with reporting that is in the public interest and how can the law promote responsible journalism?This collection of essays on freedom of expression contains contributions by distinguished judges and lawyers from many varied backgrounds that explore these themes with a critical eye. The book seeks to honour Sir Nicolas Bratza, President of the European Court of Human Rights, for his outstanding contribution, as a jurist and leading judicial figure, to the protection of human rights in Europe.
Human rights --- Freedom of expression --- Bratza, Nicolas, --- European Court of Human Rights --- Yttrandefrihet --- Freedom of speech --- Europa --- Yttrandefrihet. --- Freedom of speech. --- Europa. --- European Court of Human Rights. --- Droits de l'homme --- Liberté d'expression --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme --- Freedom of expression - Europe --- Human rights - Europe --- Bratza, Nicolas, - 1945 --- -Human rights --- -Freedom of expression --- -Freedom of speech. --- Liberté d'expression --- Cour européenne des droits de l'homme
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L'étude des arrêts de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme d'une part, de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d'Amérique de l'autre révèle la fluctuation de la protection de la liberté d'expression. Ces divergences d'un système à l'autre, mais également à l'intérieur d'un même système, montrent que la question des limites de la liberté de parole – qui est inévitablement un lieu de confrontation d'intérêts contraires – ne peut être posée en dehors du contexte particulier dans lequel elle se présente. Celui-ci se laisse décrire en quatre variables : l'auteur, le message, le lieu ou le moyen d'expression, et la réaction mise en œuvre. Chaque variable connaît un certain nombre de déclinaisons (par exemple, l'auteur peut être journaliste, politicien, artiste, fonctionnaire, …). Le fil conducteur du présent travail comparatif consiste à déterminer l'importance de ces différents facteurs de variation dans la détermination par les juges européens et américains du niveau de protection de la liberté d'expression.
Freedom of speech --- Liberté d'expression --- Freedom of expression --- 342.7 --- 342.727 --- BPB0804 --- Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- Vrijheid van meningsuiting --- 342.727 Vrijheid van meningsuiting --- 342.7 Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- Liberté d'expression --- Expression, Freedom of --- Free expression --- Liberty of expression --- Civil rights --- Freedom of expression - Europe --- Freedom of expression - United States --- Droit public comparé --- Droits et liberté --- Cour suprême --- droits de l'homme --- Conseil de l'Europe --- Convention européenne des droits de l'homme --- liberté d'expression
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1. Réflexions théoriques sur la liberté d'expression.- 2. Le système de la convention européenne des droits de l'homme.- 3. La liberté d'expression et de presse dans l'ordre juridique belge.- 4. Les propositions en vue d'améliorer la protection juridique des personnes face aux médias.
Human rights --- Belgium --- Bescherming van de persoonlijke levenssfeer --- Liberté de la presse --- Persvrijheid --- Protection de la vie privée --- Freedom of the press --- Freedom of speech --- Press law --- Journalists --- Liberté d'expression --- Presse --- Journalistes --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Droit --- Freedom of expression --- 342.7 --- 342.732 EUR --- 342.732 <4> --- Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- Persvrijheid. Vrijheid van informatie--Europa --- 342.732 <4> Persvrijheid. Vrijheid van informatie--Europa --- 342.7 Grondwettelijke rechten en vrijheden. Fundamentele rechten --- Liberté de la presse --- Liberté d'expression --- Censorship of the press --- Liberty of the press --- Press --- Press censorship --- Censorship --- Government and the press --- Expression, Freedom of --- Free expression --- Liberty of expression --- Civil rights --- Law and legislation --- Privacy [Right of ] --- Freedom of the press - Belgium --- Freedom of the press - Europe --- Freedom of expression - Belgium --- Freedom of expression - Europe --- BELGIQUE --- LIBERTE D'EXPRESSION --- CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (CEDH) --- LIBERTE DE LA PRESSE --- PROTECTION JURIDIQUE --- DROIT CONSTITUTIONNEL --- DEONTOLOGIE --- RESPONSABILITE PENALE --- RESPONSABILITE CIVILE --- DROIT DE REPONSE
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