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Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties provides the first systematic analysis of the consequences of the substantive protections that investment treaties provide to foreign investors. It proposes a new framework for identifying and evaluating the costs and benefits of differing levels of investment treaty protection, and uses this framework to evaluate the levels of protection for foreign investors implied by different interpretations of the fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of investment treaties. The author examines the arguments and assumptions of both supporters and critics of investment treaties, seeks to test whether they are coherent and borne out by evidence, and concludes that the 'economic' justifications for investment treaty protections are much weaker than is generally assumed. As such, the 'economic' objectives of investment treaties are not necessarily in tension with other 'non-economic' objectives. These findings have important implications for the drafting and interpretation of investment treaties.

International finance --- Financial law --- International law --- Investments --- Commercial treaties. --- Investments, Foreign --- Law and legislation. --- Investments - Law and legislation. --- Investments, Foreign - Law and legislation. --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Investment law

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As the Doha Development Round trade negotiations have stalled, bilateral and regional free trade agreements have become an important alternative. These agreements have proliferated in recent years, and now all of the major trading countries are engaging in serious bilateral and regional trade negotiations with multiple trading partners. This book provides a comprehensive study of recent bilateral and regional trade agreements. There are two main aspects. First, it situates bilateral and regional trade agreements in the context of economics, international law and international relations. Second, it surveys the most important recent agreements in relation to each substantive topic covered (e.g. intellectual property, investment, services and social policy) and provides an overview of the law being created in these areas.

Commercial treaties. --- Free trade. --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- handel, internationaal --- handelspolitiek, internationaal --- GATT --- handelsrecht --- Commercial treaties --- Free trade --- Law --- General and Others

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Cocoa trade --- Prices --- Politique --- Policies --- Commerce international --- International trade --- Accord commercial --- Trade agreements --- Barrière commerciale --- trade barriers --- Sociologie économique --- Economic sociology --- Industrie du cacao --- Cocoa industry --- Theobroma cacao --- Guerre --- War --- Embargo --- Embargos --- France --- Côte d'Ivoire --- Cote d'Ivoire --- Embargos. --- Cote d'Ivoire. --- Cocoa trade - Côte d'Ivoire - Prices

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Soybean industry --- Vegetable trade --- Soybean --- feeding --- Trade agreements --- Marché mondial --- World markets --- Beer bean --- Dolichos soja --- Edamame --- Edible soybean --- Garden soybean --- Glycine gracilis --- Glycine hispida --- Glycine max --- Mao dou --- Phaseolus max --- Soja bean --- Soja hispida --- Soja max --- Soy-bean --- Soya --- Soya bean --- Soybean groundnut --- Sweet bean --- Vegetable soybean --- Beans --- Glycine (Plants) --- Soja --- Soybeans --- oil crops --- economics --- Production --- Multinational enterprises --- Industrie --- Soybeans.

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Investment claims have exposed the vague nature of the standards by which arbitral tribunals are expected to adjudicate them and the policy reasons which explicitly or implicitly have an influence. The ad hoc nature of the tribunals and the decisions reached on various controversial issues have brought to the fore the issue of consistency. Andrés Rigo Sureda's Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lecture examines how arbitral discretion is exercised in the face of uncertainty of the law. It explores the choices made by arbitral tribunals as they approach treaty interpretation, as they search for limits in determining jurisdiction and the content of the standards of protection and as they search for consistency in the exercise of arbitral discretion.

Investments, Foreign --- International commercial arbitration. --- Commercial treaties. --- Arbitration and award, International --- Commercial arbitration, International --- International arbitration and award --- International commercial arbitration --- Arbitration and award --- Conflict of laws --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Law and legislation. --- Law and legislation --- Commercial treaties --- Law --- General and Others --- Investments, Foreign - Law and legislation