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Hobbes nous dit que le mot « liberté » est spécieux. Il existe de fait un contraste frappant entre la plénitude que peut donner l'énonciation du mot, comme dans le célèbre poème d'Éluard, et le sentiment de vide provoqué par la désolante diversité des usages concrets, parfois ouvertement contradictoires. Tôt ou tard, la réflexion bute sur la polarité de la liberté comme affirmation de l'ordre censé nous protéger de la licence, de l'anarchie ou du nihilisme, c'est-à-dire de la « fausse » liberté, ou comme négation de l'ordre dont les contraintes sont suspectées d'être oppressives et incompatibles avec la « vraie » liberté. Les contradictions entre les conceptions de l'ordre associées à la liberté donnent une justification à la conception de la liberté comme négation. Mais celle-ci est également difficile à tenir car elle risque de nier son objet en basculant dans la licence illimitée. Le conflit entre la liberté comme affirmation et la liberté comme négation n'est pas un défaut du concept. Il faut plutôt dire : la liberté est l'un des concepts qui servent à penser la production historique d'objets par l'activité collective et conflictuelle des hommes. L'oscillation entre ces deux pôles, qui peut être embarrassante au point d'inciter à n'en plus parler, montre que de tels concepts ont une structure ludique, au sens de ce qui fait l'intérêt de jeux intellectuels aussi futiles que les échecs. Ce livre peut se lire comme une introduction au jeu conceptuel de la liberté.

Freedom.

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Intellectual freedom.

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"This book provides empirically grounded insights into the causes, trajectories, and effects of a severe decline in university autonomy and the relationship to other dimensions of academic freedom by comparing in-depth country studies and evidence from a new global timeseries dataset. Drawing attention to ongoing discussions on standards for monitoring and assessment of academic freedom at regional and international organizations, this book identifies a need for clearer standards on academic freedom and a human rights-based definition of university autonomy. Further, the book calls for accompanying international oversight and the inclusion of criteria related to academic freedom in international university rankings. Five expert-authored case studies on academic freedom from diverse nations (Bangladesh, Mozambique, India, Poland, and Turkey) are included in the volume. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative evidence, the book offers a unique and timely contribution to the field and will be of great interest to scholars, researchers, and students in the fields of higher education, human rights, political science and public policy"-- Provided by publisher.

Academic freedom.

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This article brings an implicit problem: How to unite different peoples and cultures, that are in constant tranformation, around a commom project? The democratic regime is the most approprieate for this task, as it respects diferences and combines it with freedom and justice to promote equal opportunities. On the other hand, the union carried out democratically improves democracy, both favoring each other.

Democracy. --- Freedom.

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This book provides empirically grounded insights into the causes, trajectories, and effects of a severe decline in university autonomy and the relationship to other dimensions of academic freedom by comparing in-depth country studies and evidence from a new global timeseries dataset. Drawing attention to ongoing discussions on standards for monitoring and assessment of academic freedom at regional and international organizations, this book identifies a need for clearer standards on academic freedom and a human rights-based definition of university autonomy. Further, the book calls for accompanying international oversight and the inclusion of criteria related to academic freedom in international university rankings. Five expert-authored case studies on academic freedom from diverse nations (Bangladesh, Mozambique, India, Poland, and Turkey) are included in the volume. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative evidence, the book offers a unique and timely contribution to the field and will be of great interest to scholars, researchers, and students in the fields of higher education, human rights, political science and public policy.

Academic freedom. --- Educational freedom --- Freedom, Academic --- Freedom of information --- Liberty --- Intellectual freedom --- Academic Freedom Index