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"Luciano analyzes how people in Machu Picchu, Peru, mobilized against neoliberal reforms, describing how they resisted and accommodated large capital investments and conservation efforts to protect their local tourism economy"--

Santuario Histórico de Machu Picchu (Peru) --- Machu Picchu Site (Peru)

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When Hiram Bingham, a historian from Yale University, first saw Machu Picchu in 1911, it was a ruin obscured by overgrowth whose terraces were farmed a by few families. A century later, Machu Picchu is a UNESCO world heritage site visited by more than a million tourists annually. This remarkable transformation began with the photographs that accompanied Bingham’s article published in National Geographic magazine, which depicted Machu Picchu as a lost city discovered. Focusing on the practices, technologies, and materializations of Bingham’s three expeditions to Peru (1911, 1912, 1914–1915), this book makes a convincing case that visualization, particularly through the camera, played a decisive role in positioning Machu Picchu as both a scientific discovery and a Peruvian heritage site. Amy Cox Hall argues that while Bingham’s expeditions relied on the labor, knowledge, and support of Peruvian elites, intellectuals, and peasants, the practice of scientific witnessing, and photography specifically, converted Machu Picchu into a cultural artifact fashioned from a distinct way of seeing. Drawing on science and technology studies, she situates letter writing, artifact collecting, and photography as important expeditionary practices that helped shape the way we understand Machu Picchu today. Cox Hall also demonstrates that the photographic evidence was unstable, and, as images circulated worldwide, the “lost city” took on different meanings, especially in Peru, which came to view the site as one of national patrimony in need of protection from expeditions such as Bingham’s.

Anthropological ethics. --- Photography --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Bingham, Hiram, --- Peruvian Expeditions --- Yale Peruvian Expedition --- Machu Picchu Site (Peru) --- Peru --- Antiquities.

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This book aims at integrating archaeology with science in order to provide additional information with respect to a traditional archaeological anthropological perspective. It sheds light on Incan culture, the relation between human frequentation and environmental changes, the Incan architecture in relation with Andean cosmovision using, for the first time, diverse technological and scientific approaches including LiDAR remote sensing, geophysics and radio carbon dating. A number of recent studies conducted by Polish, Italian and Peruvian scientific missions in Machu Picchu, Chachabamba and Cusco are presented and discussed. Chapter 5 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Incas. --- Machu Picchu Site (Peru) --- Inca Indians --- Indians of South America --- Macchu Picchu Site (Peru) --- Machu Picchu (Peru) --- Machu Pijchu Site (Peru) --- Machupicchu Site (Peru) --- Machupijchu Site (Peru) --- Peru --- Antiquities --- Human geography. --- Cultural geography. --- Archaeology. --- Geographic information systems. --- Latin America --- Geography. --- Social and Cultural Geography. --- Geographical Information System. --- Latin American History. --- Regional Geography. --- History. --- Cosmography --- Earth sciences --- World history --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Archeology --- Anthropology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Human geography --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Geography --- Human ecology

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The chapter ‘Water Engineering in Ancient Societies’ involves the use of modern hydraulic engineering principles to describe the design, construction and use of ancient World Heritage water-system structures in South America and the Middle East.

Petra --- Nabataean --- water systems --- hydraulic analysis --- CFD --- canals --- reservoirs --- pipelines --- flow stability --- pre-Columbian --- urban Tiwanaku --- Bolivia --- hydraulic/hydrological analysis --- surface canals --- perimeter drainage channel --- moat --- subterranean channels --- societal structure --- Roman --- Pont du Gard --- water engineering --- castellum --- aqueduct --- CFD analysis --- hydraulic design --- critical flow --- Machu Picchu --- Inca --- ancient water engineering --- hydraulics --- central-Andes --- engineered landscapes --- political ecology --- Prehispanic --- resilience --- water security --- wetland management --- Roman aqueducts --- inverted siphons --- static pressure --- pressure surges --- lead pipes --- stone conduits --- air entrapment --- Vitruvius --- Inka --- Tipon --- precolumbian --- flow rates --- fountain --- Peru --- Archaic period --- Caral --- CFD models --- beach ridges --- ENSO events --- landscape change --- site termination