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History --- Yugoslavia --- Yugoslavia.
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Yugoslavia --- History.
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The creation of the multinational federation involved at the same time the re-creation of the Yugoslav polity and a laborious construction of the sub-state entities and their own political communities. The creation of republican citizenships and the Yugoslav common two-tier or bifurcated citizenship was part and parcel of this intensive construction of modern states within a larger multinational federation. Citizenship was an important attribute of the republics' statehood, although it was rarely mentioned as such by the authorities and was almost completely neglected by scholars. The institution will show its resilience and importance only later. The constitutional process at the same time seemed endless: post-war Yugoslavia introduced three constitutions between 1945 and 1963, which shaped the country in a different way, oscillating between Yugoslav socialist unity and the decentralization process empowering the republics. The establishment of multinational federation at the formal level and the Yugoslav brand of 'self-managing socialism' at the ideological level provided foundation for the new Yugoslav community. However, constant changes opened the whole construction, including citizenship regime, for redefinitions in the next period.
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Medicine --- Medicine. --- Yugoslavia.
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Human geography --- Slovenia. --- Yugoslavia.
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Economics --- Since 1992 --- Yugoslavia --- Serbia --- Yugoslavia. --- Economic conditions
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Hops --- Sorghum --- Medicinal plants --- Yugoslavia.
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Yugoslavia --- Kosovo (Republic) --- Serbia --- Civilization
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Between 1967 and 1974 Yugoslavia entered a period of intensive constitutional changes that started with a series of amendments to the 1963 Constitution and ended with the adoption of a new, fourth in less than 30 years, Yugoslav Constitution in 1974. These changes transformed the country into a confederation of republics by transferring ever more powers from the federal centre to the subunits. It soon reached the point of making the centre dependent on consensus among quasi-independent republics, empowered even with certain prerogatives usually reserved for sovereign states. Centrifugal federalism describes this system of progressively empowering the subunits to the point of a break-up. The hybrid structure of Yugoslavia was also manifested in the constitutional definitions of federal and republican citizenship. The political primacy of the republics shifted the centre of citizen's political activity towards his or her republic. Although republican-level citizenship was almost practically irrelevant for ordinary citizens in their everyday life, politically speaking it was republican belonging and citizenship that increasingly took the leading role.
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