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What are the causes and consequences of species diversity in forested ecosystems, and how is this species diversity being affected by rapid environmental and climatic change, movement of invertebrate and vertebrate herbivores into new biogeographic regions, and expanding human populations and associated shifts in land-use patterns? In this book, we explore these questions for assemblages of forest trees, shrubs, and understory herbs at spatial scales ranging from small plots to large forest dynamics plots, at temporal scales ranging from seasons to centuries, in both temperate and tropical regions, and across rural-to-urban gradients in land use.

gamma diversity --- tree species --- Climatic change --- individual species-area relationship --- woody species --- TILD --- trees --- Pseudotsuga menziesii --- windthrow --- precipitation --- species conservation --- spatial analysis --- codispersion analysis --- variation partitioning --- herbaceous perennial species --- northern hardwood forests --- climate change --- stand development --- potential habitats --- Smithsonian ForestGEO --- tree regeneration --- forest conversion --- Biodiversity Exploratories --- trunk breakage --- topography --- questionnaire survey --- mid-domain effect --- assemblage lineage diversity --- Salicaceae --- salvaging --- temperate forests --- Shannon diversity --- USDA Forest Service --- tree species diversity --- Bray-Curtis --- species-area relationship --- Ericaceae --- legacies --- Picea abies --- herbaceous layer --- spatial patterns --- mountains --- United States --- wind damage --- abundance --- Hubbard Brook --- elevational shifts --- uprooting --- species diversity --- evolutionary diversity --- Pinus sylvestris --- natural disturbance-based silviculture --- Vietnam --- diversity --- Maxent --- human footprint --- productivity --- China --- microarthropod --- phylogenetic diversity --- temperature --- household respondents --- succession --- biodiversity --- tornado --- salvage logging --- excess nitrogen --- climate --- forest management --- understory plant communities --- Simpson diversity --- species richness --- landscape scale --- structural complexity --- tropical evergreen mixed forest --- seasonal variations --- disturbance severity --- competition and facilitation --- canopy structure --- Fagus sylvatica

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This book highlights the role of research in innovation and sustainability in the forest sector. The contributions included fall within the broad thematic areas of forest science and cover crucial topics such as biocontrol, forest fire risk, harvesting and logging practices, quantitative and qualitative assessments of forest products, urban forests, and wood treatments—topics that have also been addressed from an interdisciplinary perspective. The contributions also have practical applications, as they deal with the ecological and economic importance of forests and new technologies for the conservation, monitoring, and improvement of services and forest value.

physical activity --- mental health --- landscape metrics --- hierarchical multiple regression --- round wood transport --- wood supply chain --- transport work optimization --- sawlogs deliveries --- sawlogs sourcing --- small-diameter tree --- forest biomass --- multi-tree felling head --- time study --- harvesting cost --- tree plantations --- growth equations --- rotation length --- growth rates --- poplar productivity --- energy chain --- residual biomass --- isochronous rings --- travel time --- transport cost --- UAV --- VOC --- drone sensor --- semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors --- alpha pinene --- log properties --- stack volume --- solid wood content --- roundwood measurement --- wood modification --- mechanical properties --- physical properties --- anti shrinkage efficiency --- colour --- Cameroon --- biomass --- poplar --- SRC --- thermal energy --- life cycle assessment --- GWP --- wood energy supply chain --- Lomatia hirsuta --- Patagonia --- pioneer tree species --- stump shoots --- quality wood --- trunk analysis --- stability of stands --- Capreolus capreolus --- ungulate --- urban forests --- human disturbances --- daily activity --- moon phases --- disturbances --- wildfires --- natural and technogenic ecosystems --- permafrost --- thermal anomaly --- soil --- numerical simulation --- remote sensing --- Siberia --- mean lifetime --- natural forest --- survival analysis --- tree age distribution --- bark structure --- Pinus sylvestris --- forward selection --- bark types --- forest therapy --- urban environment --- sensory gardens --- wellbeing --- social inclusion --- recreational development --- universal design --- urban green areas --- therapeutic space --- deep learning --- tree species --- classification --- Scots pine --- tree-ring --- air pollution --- growth reduction --- climate change --- Poland --- climate change mitigation --- forest restoration --- forest biomass estimation --- standing and lying dead wood --- variogram model --- kriging regression --- Botryosphaeriaceae --- biocontrol --- pine bark extracts --- Trichoderma citrinoviride --- VOCs --- lytic enzymes --- fire ignition --- fire hazard --- QGIS --- InVEST --- NDVI --- S2 NDWI --- risk --- n/a

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Climatic change causes a mismatch between tree populations on sites they currently occupy and the climate to which they have adapted in the past. The maintenance of productivity and of ecological and societal services requires resilient populations and ecosystems, particularly close to the vulnerable trailing (xeric) range limits. The studies confirm the selective effect of diverse habitat/climate conditions across the species ranges. Soil conditions may mask climate effects and should be considered separately. The unique potential of provenance tests is illustrated by growth response projections that may be less dramatic than provided by usual inventory data analyses. Assisted migration appears to be a feasible management action to compensate for climatic warming. However, the choice of populations needs special care under extreme conditions and outside the limits of current natural distribution ranges. The proper differentiation of measures according to the present and future adaptive challenges require the continuation of long-term analyses and the establishment of better focused field trials in disparate climates that contain populations from a representative range of habitats. The studies present results obtained from diverse regions of the temperate forest zone, from Central and Northwestern Europe, the Mediterranean, Russia, China, North and Central America.

Camptotheca acuminata --- MaxEnt --- climateAP --- suitable habitat --- climate change --- soil --- genetic variation --- seed sourcing --- forest management --- genetic conservation --- Pinus sylvestris --- climate-change impacts --- ecosystem responses to climate --- species distributions --- climatype distributions --- adaptive management --- provenance test --- genecology --- reforestation --- restoration --- conservation --- assisted migration --- climatic change --- climate transfer distance --- dryness index --- Abies religiosa --- survival --- mortality --- biomass --- basal diameter --- Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve --- Picea abies --- field trials --- provenances --- families --- clones --- height growth --- phenotypic stability --- phenotypic plasticity --- mountain forest --- tree species selection --- Scots pine --- adaptation --- wood anatomy --- tracheidogram --- traits --- common garden --- silver fir --- grand fir --- Balkan firs --- drought stress --- resilience --- scots pine seed mass and seed zones --- a provenance trial --- bioclimatic models --- an ensemble of general circulation models --- RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 scenarios --- Russia --- n/a

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Ecophysiological mechanisms underlie plant responses to environmental conditions and the influence these responses have on ecological patterns and processes. In this Special Issue, with a particular interest in the interactions between climate change, environmental disturbance, and functional ecology, experimental observations are described at a range of spatial scales. A modeling framework is used in an effort to relate mechanistic responses to ecosystem functions and services, and link forest ecophysiology and environmental indicators. This Special Issue collects important advances in studying and monitoring plant–environment interactions, covering biogeographic gradients from Mediterranean woodlands to boreal forests and from Alpine mountains to tropical environments.

Leaf δ13C --- Leaf δ15N --- Growth stage --- Environmental factors --- Relative importance --- nitrogen dioxide --- nitrogen metabolism --- photorespiration --- heat dissipation --- excess absorbed light energy --- electron transfer --- photochemical efficiency --- altitude --- non-structural carbohydrates --- nutrients --- ontogeny --- Pinus cembra L. --- Larix decidua Mill --- boreal forest --- leaf temperature --- photosynthesis --- water availability --- leaf thermal damage --- thermoregulation --- endangered --- Sonneratia × hainanensis --- reproductive system --- seed germination --- light --- temperature --- salinity --- Cinnamomum migao --- autotoxicity --- seedling growth --- soil substrate --- soil enzyme --- soil fungi --- TreeSonic --- MOEd --- forest productivity --- dendrochronology --- recruitment period --- Aspromonte National Park --- Sessile oak --- deciduous forest --- carbon sequestration --- wood density --- allometry --- functional traits --- climate niches --- Malus baccata --- MbERF11 --- cold stress --- salt stress --- transgenic plant --- dendrometer --- stem circumference changes --- climate response --- Mediterranean --- Pinus nigra --- Pinus pinaster --- ontogenetic phases --- adaptive strategies --- leaf functional traits --- light environment --- canopy tree species --- carbon isotopes --- climate change --- respiration --- discrimination --- mixed forest --- keeling plot --- branch lifespan --- shoot lifespan --- stem lifespan --- branch shedding --- shoot shedding --- stem shedding --- canopy --- crown development --- tree architecture --- light foraging --- phenotypic plasticity --- shade tolerance --- shade acclimation --- light acclimation --- light regime --- sunfleck --- leaf thickness --- leaf angle --- leaf three-dimensional structure --- n/a

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As a dynamic interface between agriculture and forestry, agroforestry has only recently been formally recognized as a relevant part of land use with ‘trees outside forest’ in important parts of the world—but not everywhere yet. The Sustainable Development Goals have called attention to the need for the multifunctionality of landscapes that simultaneously contribute to multiple goals. In the UN decade of landscape restoration, as well as in response to the climate change urgency and biodiversity extinction crisis, an increase in global tree cover is widely seen as desirable, but its management by farmers or forest managers remains contested. Agroforestry research relates tree–soil–crop–livestock interactions at the plot level with landscape-level analysis of social-ecological systems and efforts to transcend the historical dichotomy between forest and agriculture as separate policy domains. An ‘ecosystem services’ perspective quantifies land productivity, flows of water, net greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity conservation, and combines an ‘actor’ perspective (farmer, landscape manager) with that of ‘downstream’ stakeholders (in the same watershed, ecologically conscious consumers elsewhere, global citizens) and higher-level regulators designing land-use policies and spatial zoning.

carbon storage --- cacao agroforestry --- farmer tree preference --- utility value --- entrainment --- erosion --- forest conversion --- overland flow --- soil macroporosity --- throughfall --- water balance --- boundary work --- ecohydrology --- forest–water–people nexus --- landscape approach --- participatory methods --- scenario evaluation --- social-ecological systems --- tropical forests --- assisted natural regeneration (ANR) --- co-investment --- ecosystem services --- environmental stewardship --- equity --- forest and landscape restoration (FLR) --- rights-based approach --- tree planting --- water --- coffee --- fruit trees --- index of root anchoring --- slope stability --- soil shear strength --- root length density --- root tensile strength --- agroforestry --- carbon sequestration --- climate change mitigation --- grazing management --- land restoration --- nationally determined contribution --- silvopastoral --- tree cover --- cocoa agroforestry --- climate adaptation --- soil restoration --- soil organic carbon --- soil macro-porosity --- soil water availability --- inceptisols --- Fraxinus dimorpha --- soil chemical characteristics --- mycorrhizal attributes --- traditional ecological knowledge --- anastomosis --- agroforest --- silvopasture --- economics --- financial analysis --- carbon payment --- Peru --- innovation transfer --- trimming --- intention --- participatory and integrative research-extension --- stakeholders --- adaptation --- Kisumu --- Bungoma --- payment for ecosystem services --- village savings and loan associations --- fruit tree-based agroforestry --- economic benefits --- farmer perspectives --- resource competition --- systems improvement --- uptake and expansion --- cost-benefit analysis --- landscape restoration --- global --- stocktake --- agroforestry coffee --- shade tree species --- pairwise ranking --- Vietnam --- trees on farm --- options by context --- on-farm planned comparison --- tree seedling survival --- agriculture sector --- cost efficiency --- land suitability --- potential expansion areas --- representative concentration pathway --- cocoa --- Java --- livelihoods --- rural–urban --- remittances --- returning migrants --- Sumatra --- Sulawesi --- certification --- deforestation --- palm oil --- forest classification --- Jambi --- legality --- independent smallholders --- agroforestry concessions --- West Kalimantan --- land-use change --- belowground biodiversity --- soil engineers --- Pontoscolex corethrurus --- natural habitats --- planted forest --- artesian wells --- Oryza --- paddy cultivation --- restoration --- rodents --- sustainable intensification --- Mount Bromo-Tengger --- coinvestment --- instrumental values --- landscape --- relational values --- social–ecological systems --- stewardship --- sustainable development goals (SDGs) --- trees --- n/a --- forest-water-people nexus --- rural-urban