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Le monde de la peinture française connaît au XIXe siècle un ensemble de transformations essentielles: l'organisation académique de la formation et de la carrière des peintres décime; le système marchand s'établit et contribue au succès de la révolution impressionniste; les innovations esthétiques et techniques dans la peinture modifient l'apprentissage et l'exercice du métier de peintre. Harrison et Cynthia White décrivent la genèse de cette évolution à travers l'étude des institutions et de la doctrine composant le " système académique ". Ils la situent dans son cadre géographique (la centralisation parisienne), puis étudient les effets de la poussée démographique, qui accentue le décalage entre le nombre grandissant de peintres cherchant à faire carrière et l'étroitesse des débouchés du système académique. Analysant la carrière de plusieurs grands impressionnistes (Degas, Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir), les auteurs montrent comment émerge un nouveau système, fondé sur l'importance croissante des marchands et des critiques professionnels, qui fait du marché de l'art, tel que nous le connaissons depuis, le cadre dominant d'évaluation et de commercialisation des mouvements sociaux.

Painting --- History --- 19th century

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New research on Freeman’s fiction that challenge and expand earlier feminist readings of the female realmContextualizes key developments in Freeman criticism since 1991Moves beyond an analysis of the short stories for which Freeman is best known to examine her novels Pembroke (1894), Madelon (1896), and The Portion of Labor (1901); stories for youths and uncollected stories; and post-1902 fiction from her late careerUpdates approaches to Freeman by considering ecocriticism, race, labor and class, transnationalismReconsiders periodization: Freeman is read as a modernist and a World War One writer whose long, evolving career questions critical readings of her work within the confines of turn-of-the-century realism and regionalismRaises important questions about single-author scholarship and argues for new critical views that go beyond the single authorInvolves a transatlantic array of scholars (based in the US, the UK, Finland, France, Turkey, Lithuania) at different stages of their career—from some long-time specialists of Freeman to some international PhD studentsFreeman is best known today for her short regionalist fiction. Recently, Freeman studies have taken new turns including ecocriticism, trauma studies, the Gothic, and queer theory. The essay collection pushes these developments further. Contributors aim at revisiting and going beyond Freeman’s regionalism. They challenge earlier feminist readings of the female realm by arguing that her short fiction and novels depict women and girls as violent and criminal, suffocating as well as nurturing; they bring to light questions of race and ethnicity that have been conspicuously absent from scholarship on Freeman, as well as issues of class. Because questions of women’s work are central to Freeman’s oeuvre, this collection discusses Freeman’s acumen as a businesswoman herself, a participant as well as a castigator of turn-of-the-century US capitalism. Finally, essays reconsider the periodization of Freeman by exploring her little acknowledged post-1902 and therefore post-marriage fiction—her war stories and her urban stories.

HISTORY / Modern / 19th Century.

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Sociology --- History --- 19th century --- 20th century --- Sociology - History - 19th century.

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The origins of the War of 1812 have long been a source of confusion for historians, owing to the lack of attention that has been paid to England's part in precipitating the conflict and to the overemphasis placed on "western expansionist" factors. This volume offers the first analysis of the causes of the war from both the British and American points of view, showing clearly that, contrary to the popular misconception, the war's basic causes are to. be found not in America but in Europe. For unless one accepts the view that America committed an act of pure aggression in 1812, one must turn to the motives underlying British policy to deter­mine why America felt it had to fight. In the years immediately preceding the war (1803-1812), England was dominated by a faction that pledged itself not only to defeat Napoleon but also to maintain British commercial supremacy. The two main points of contention between England and America during this period--impress­ment and the restrictions imposed by the Orders in Council--were direct results of these commitments. America finally had no alternative but to oppose with force British maritime policy, which, although partly caused by jealousy of American commercial growth, stemmed in large measure from involvement in total war with France. In addition to tracing the gradual drift to war in America, Reginald Horsman shows that the Indian problem and American expansionist designs against Canada played small part in bringing about the struggle. He examines the efforts made by America to avoid conflict through means of economic coercion, efforts whose failure confronted the nation with two choices: war or submission to England. Since the latter alternative presented more terrors to the recent colonists, America went to war.

HISTORY / United States / 19th Century.

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Chopin, Frédéric --- Chopin, Frédéric, --- Biography --- 19th century