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Auditory. --- Brainstem. --- Diagnosis. --- Horse. --- Injuries. --- Injury. --- Response.

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This illuminating and comprehensive work offers readers a thorough and detailed perspective of brainstem surgery as well as state-of-the-art discussion on the diagnosis and management of related pathologies. Hailing from around the globe and currently practicing in various countries in Asia, Europe, and North America, the expert authors of this work represent a wide range of disciplines and experiences, providing a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of brainstem surgery. Indeed, brainstem pathologies remain the most challenging to manage surgically due to the high eloquence and the deep and hidden location of the brainstem, turning surgical treatment of brainstem pathologies into one of the most complex and demanding fields in neurosurgery. This vital book guides readers through this very complex anatomical territory in which any pathology leads to grave consequences. Taking readers through the depth of the complex architecture of the brainstem in the clinical context, and emphasizing the evidence-based treatment of different brainstem pathologies while also reviewing what the future holds for the management of these pathologies, the book presents a review of state-of-the-art preoperative assessment modalities and surgical. The book covers brainstem-related pathologies from infancy to adulthood, and the text is enriched with diagnostic and surgical images that cover almost all types of brainstem lesions. The book is written in a way that neurosurgery specialists and fellows will feel comfortable navigating throughout its contents, and the enthusiastic neurosurgery resident will find this book to be a valuable guide. A major contribution to the clinical literature, Brainstem Tumors: Diagnosis and Management will also serve as a reference for anyone involved in the treatment of patients suffering from brainstem pathologies, including medical team members such as adult and pediatric neurosurgeons, neurologists, neurooncologists, residents and fellows, clinical neuropsychologists, electrophysiologists, neuroradiologists, and medical students who have a passion to learn about the assessment and surgical management of patients with brainstem diseases.

Neurosurgery. --- Neurology . --- Neurology. --- Brain Stem Neoplasms. --- Neurosurgical Procedures. --- Nerves --- Neurosurgery --- Procedures, Neurosurgical --- Surgical Procedures, Neurologic --- Neurologic Surgical Procedure --- Neurologic Surgical Procedures --- Neurosurgical Procedure --- Procedure, Neurologic Surgical --- Procedure, Neurosurgical --- Procedures, Neurologic Surgical --- Surgical Procedure, Neurologic --- Nervous System --- Brain Stem Neoplasms, Primary --- Brain Stem Tumors --- Brainstem Neoplasms --- Brainstem Neoplasms, Primary --- Brainstem Tumors --- Medullary Tumors --- Midbrain Tumors --- Neoplasms, Brain Stem --- Neoplasms, Brainstem --- Neoplasms, Brainstem, Primary --- Neoplasms, Medullary --- Neoplasms, Mesencephalic --- Neoplasms, Midbrain --- Neoplasms, Pontine --- Pontine Tumors --- Primary Brain Stem Neoplasms --- Primary Brainstem Neoplasms --- Medullary Neoplasms --- Mesencephalic Neoplasms --- Midbrain Neoplasms --- Pontine Neoplasms --- Brain Stem Neoplasm --- Brain Stem Tumor --- Brainstem Neoplasm --- Brainstem Neoplasm, Primary --- Brainstem Tumor --- Medullary Neoplasm --- Medullary Tumor --- Mesencephalic Neoplasm --- Midbrain Neoplasm --- Midbrain Tumor --- Neoplasm, Brain Stem --- Neoplasm, Brainstem --- Neoplasm, Medullary --- Neoplasm, Mesencephalic --- Neoplasm, Midbrain --- Neoplasm, Pontine --- Neoplasm, Primary Brainstem --- Neoplasms, Primary Brainstem --- Pontine Neoplasm --- Pontine Tumor --- Primary Brainstem Neoplasm --- Tumor, Brain Stem --- Tumor, Medullary --- Tumor, Midbrain --- Tumor, Pontine --- Tumors, Medullary --- Tumors, Midbrain --- Tumors, Pontine --- Medicine --- Nervous system --- Neuropsychiatry --- Surgery --- surgery --- Diseases --- Brain stem. --- Brainstem --- Brain

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Dizziness --- Vertigo --- Patients --- Rehabilitation. --- CNS Origin Vertigo --- Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo --- Positional Vertigo --- Spinning Sensation --- Vertigo, Brain Stem --- Vertigo, Brainstem --- Vertigo, Central Nervous System Origin --- Vertigo, Central Origin --- Vertigo, Constant --- Vertigo, Essential --- Vertigo, Intermittant --- Vertigo, Paroxysmal --- Vertigo, Peripheral --- Vertigo, Subjective --- Brain Stem Vertigo --- Brain Stem Vertigos --- Brainstem Vertigo --- Brainstem Vertigos --- CNS Origin Vertigos --- Central Origin Vertigo --- Central Origin Vertigos --- Constant Vertigo --- Constant Vertigos --- Essential Vertigo --- Essential Vertigos --- Intermittant Vertigo --- Intermittant Vertigos --- Origin Vertigo, CNS --- Origin Vertigo, Central --- Origin Vertigos, CNS --- Origin Vertigos, Central --- Paroxysmal Vertigo --- Paroxysmal Vertigos --- Peripheral Vertigo --- Peripheral Vertigos --- Sensation, Spinning --- Sensations, Spinning --- Spinning Sensations --- Subjective Vertigo --- Subjective Vertigos --- Vertigo, CNS Origin --- Vertigo, Positional --- Vertigos --- Vertigos, Brain Stem --- Vertigos, Brainstem --- Vertigos, CNS Origin --- Vertigos, Central Origin --- Vertigos, Constant --- Vertigos, Essential --- Vertigos, Intermittant --- Vertigos, Paroxysmal --- Vertigos, Peripheral --- Vertigos, Subjective --- Dizzyness --- Light-Headedness --- Lightheadedness --- Orthostasis --- Light Headedness

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Oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland is increased during parturition, stimulated by the uterine contractions that forcefully expel the fetuses. Since oxytocin stimulates further contractions of the uterus, which is exquisitely sensitive to oxytocin at the end of pregnancy, a positive feedback loop is activated. The neural pathway that drives oxytocin neurons via a brainstem relay has been partially characterised, and involves A2 noradrenergic cells in the brainstem. Until close to term the responsiveness of oxytocin neurons is restrained by neuroactive steroid metabolites of progesterone that potentiate GABA inhibitory mechanisms. As parturition approaches, and this inhibition fades as progesterone secretion collapses, a central opioid inhibitory mechanism is activated that restrains the excitation of oxytocin cells by brainstem inputs. This opioid restraint is the predominant damper of oxytocin cells before and during parturition, limiting stimulation by extraneous stimuli, and perhaps facilitating optimal spacing of births and economical use of the store of oxytocin accumulated during pregnancy. During parturition, oxytocin cells increase their basal activity, and hence oxytocin secretion increases. In addition, the oxytocin cells discharge a burst of action potentials as each fetus passes through the birth canal. Each burst causes the secretion of a pulse of oxytocin, which sharply increases uterine tone; these bursts depend upon auto-stimulation by oxytocin released from the dendrites of the magnocellular neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. With the exception of the opioid mechanism that emerges to restrain oxytocin cell responsiveness, the behavior of oxytocin cells and their inputs in pregnancy and parturition is explicable from the effects of hormones of pregnancy (relaxin, estrogen, progesterone) on pre-existing mechanisms, leading through relative quiescence at term inter alia to net increase in oxytocin storage, and re

Activation. --- Activity. --- Adaptation. --- Allopregnanolone. --- Behavior. --- Birth. --- Brainstem. --- C-fos expression. --- Dendrites. --- Dynorphin. --- Enkephalin. --- Estrogen receptors. --- Estrogen. --- Feedback. --- Fetuses. --- Firing. --- Gaba. --- Gamma-aminobutyric-acid. --- Gland. --- Hormone. --- Hormones. --- Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Inhibition. --- Main olfactory-bulb. --- Mechanisms. --- Messenger-ribonucleic-acid. --- Milk-ejection reflex. --- Neurons in-vitro. --- Neurons. --- Nitric oxide synthase. --- Nitric-oxide synthase. --- Nucleus tractus solitarius. --- Opioid. --- Oxytocin mrna. --- Oxytocin. --- Parturition. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Pituitary. --- Potentials. --- Pregnancy. --- Progesterone-receptor expression. --- Progesterone. --- Rat supraoptic nucleus. --- Response. --- Restraint. --- Review. --- Secretion. --- Steroid metabolites. --- Steroid. --- Stimulation. --- Stimuli. --- Supraoptic nucleus. --- System. --- Time. --- Uterus.