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In the nineteenth through the mid-twentieth centuries, American physicians treated women and girls for masturbation by removing the clitoris (clitoridectomy) or clitoral hood (female circumcision). During this same time, and continuing to today, physicians also performed female circumcision to enable women to reach orgasm. While the opposite purposes of these clitoral surgeries (to either contain a perceived excessive sexuality or to remedy a perceived lack of sexual responsiveness) may seem paradoxical, their use reflects a consistent medical conception of the clitoris as a sexual organ. In recent years both the popular media and academics have commented on the rising popularity in the United States of female genital cosmetic surgeries, including female circumcision, yet these discussions often assume such surgeries are new. In Female Circumcision and Clitoridectomy in the United States: A History of a Medical Treatment, Sarah Rodriguez presents an engaging and surprising history of surgeries on the clitoris, revealing what the therapeutic use of clitoridectomy and female circumcision tells us about changing (and not so changing) medical ideas concerning the female body and female sexuality. Sarah B. Rodriguez teaches at Northwestern University in the Medical Humanities and Bioethics Program and in the Global Health Studies Program.

Clitoris --- Female circumcision --- Surgery --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Initiation rites --- Vulva

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Female genital excision, or the ritual of cutting the external genitals of girls and women, is undoubtedly one of the most heavily and widely debated cultural traditions of our time. By looking at how writers of African descent have presented the practice in their literary work, Elisabeth Bekers shows how the debate on female genital excision evolved over the last four decades of the twentieth century, in response to changing attitudes about ethnicity, nationalism, colonialism, feminism, and human rights. Rising Anthills (the title refers to a Dogon myth) analyzes works in English, French, and Arabic by African and African American writers, both women and men, from different parts of the African continent and the diaspora. Attending closely to the nuances of language and the complexities of the issue, Bekers explores lesser-known writers side by side with such recognizable names as Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Flora Nwapa, Nawal El Saadawi, Ahmadou Kourouma, Calixthe Beyala, Alice Walker, and Gloria Naylor. Following their literary discussions of female genital excision, she discerns a gradual evolution--from the 1960s, when writers mindful of its communal significance carefully "wrote around" the physical operation, through the 1970s and 1980s, when they began to speak out against the practice and their societies' gender politics, to the late 1990s, when they situated their denunciations of female genital excision in a much broader, international context of women's oppression and the struggle for women's rights.

Female circumcision in literature. --- Women in literature. --- Woman (Christian theology) in literature --- Women in drama --- Women in poetry --- Female circumcision in literature --- Female genital mutilation in literature.

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Physiology: reproduction & development. Ages of life --- UNICEF --- Female circumcision --- Clitoridectomy --- Anthropology --- Social Sciences --- Social & Cultural Anthropology --- Statistics --- Clitorectomy --- Clitoris --- Vulvectomy --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Initiation rites --- Excision --- Surgery

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Circumcision --- Female circumcision --- Circoncision --- Excision (Ethnologie) --- 392.1 --- Seksualiteit --- Rechten van de mens --- Spiritualiteit/Godsdiensten --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Amputation, Foreskin --- Foreskin amputation --- Foreskin removal --- Male circumcision --- Prepucectomy --- Removal of foreskin --- Foreskin --- Doop. Besnijdenis. Initiatie. Meerjarigverklaring --- Sexualité --- Droits de l'Homme --- Spiritualité/Religions --- Surgery --- Circumcision. --- Female circumcision. --- 392.1 Doop. Besnijdenis. Initiatie. Meerjarigverklaring

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"The last three decades have witnessed a proliferation of NGOs engaging in new campaigns to end the practice of female genital cutting across Africa. These campaigns have in turn spurred new institutions, discourses, and political projects, bringing about unexpected social transformations, both intended and unintended. Consequently, cutting is waning across the continent. At the same time, these endings are being disavowed by cross-continental discourses that argue that cutting has become an object of a neocolonial, racist gaze and Western interventionist zeal. What does it mean to say that while cutting is ending, the Western discourse surrounding it is on the rise? And what kind of a feminist anthropology is needed in such a moment? The Twilight of Cutting examines these and other questions from the vantage point of Ghanaian feminist and reproductive health NGOs that have organized campaigns against cutting for over thirty years. The book looks at these NGOs not as solutions but as sites of 'problematization.' The purpose of understanding Ghanaian campaigns, their transnational and regional encounters, and the forms of governmentality they produce is not to charge them with providing answers to the question, how do we end cutting? Instead, it is to account for their work, their historicity, the life worlds and subjectivities they engender, and the modes of reflection, imminent critique, and opposition they set in motion"--Provided by publisher.

Female circumcision --- Non-governmental organizations --- Feminism --- Emancipation of women --- Feminist movement --- Women --- Women's lib --- Women's liberation --- Women's liberation movement --- Women's movement --- Social movements --- Anti-feminism --- INGOs (International agencies) --- International non-governmental organizations --- NGOs (International agencies) --- Nongovernmental organizations --- Organizations, Non-governmental (International agencies) --- Private and voluntary organizations (International agencies) --- PVOs (International agencies) --- International agencies --- Nonprofit organizations --- Circumcision, Female --- Clitoridotomy --- Female genital cutting --- Female genital modification --- Female genital mutilation --- FGC (Female genital cutting) --- FGM (Female genital mutilation) --- Genital cutting, Female --- Genital mutilation, Female --- Mutilation, Female genital --- Body marking --- Clitoris --- Initiation rites --- Political aspects --- Prevention. --- Social aspects --- Emancipation --- Surgery --- #SBIB:39A9 --- #SBIB:39A11 --- #SBIB:39A73 --- Prevention --- Medische antropologie / gezondheid / handicaps --- Antropologie : socio-politieke structuren en relaties --- Etnografie: Afrika --- activism. --- activist. --- activists. --- africa. --- african continent. --- anthropology. --- cultural. --- female circumcision. --- female genital cutting. --- female genital mutilation. --- female issues. --- feminist issues. --- feminist. --- ghana. --- government. --- international. --- justice. --- law and order. --- mutiliation. --- ngos. --- political. --- politics. --- problem solving. --- reproductive health. --- tradition. --- western world. --- womens issues.