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The second volume of a pair that charts relation algebras from novice to expert level, this text brings the well-grounded reader to the frontiers of research. Building on the foundations established in the preceding Introduction to Relation Algebras, this volume advances the reader into the deeper mathematical results of the past few decades. Such material offers an ideal preparation for research in relation algebras and Boolean algebras with operators. Arranged in a modular fashion, this text offers the opportunity to explore any of several areas in detail; topics include canonical extensions, completions, representations, varieties, and atom structures. Each chapter offers a complete account of one such avenue of development, including a historical section and substantial number of exercises. The clarity of exposition and comprehensive nature of each module make this an ideal text for the independent reader entering the field, while researchers will value it as a reference for years to come. Collecting, curating, and illuminating over 75 years of progress since Tarski's seminal work in 1941, this textbook in two volumes offers a landmark, unified treatment of the increasingly relevant field of relation algebras. Clear and insightful prose guides the reader through material previously only available in scattered, highly-technical journal articles. Students and experts alike will appreciate the work as both a textbook and invaluable reference for the community. Note that this volume contains numerous, essential references to the previous volume, Introduction to Relation Algebras. The reader is strongly encouraged to secure at least electronic access to the first book in order to make use of the second. .

Mathematics. --- Algebra. --- Mathematical logic. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- General Algebraic Systems. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Mathematical analysis --- Relation algebras.

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L'opera si propone come testo di riferimento per acquisire una solida preparazione specialistica nella Logica, presentando in maniera rigorosa ed innovativa argomenti tradizionalmente affrontati nei corsi universitari di secondo livello. Questo secondo volume, che completa l'opera, presenta le basi della teoria della ricorsività, l'aritmetica di Peano ed i teoremi di incompletezza, gli assiomi della teoria assiomatica degli insiemi di Zermelo-Fraenkel e la teoria degli ordinali e dei cardinali che ne deriva.

Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Computer science. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Informatics --- Science --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Mathematical logic.

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This book explores certain structures of fuzzy Lie algebras, fuzzy Lie superalgebras and fuzzy n-Lie algebras. In addition, it applies various concepts to Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras, including type-1 fuzzy sets, interval-valued fuzzy sets, intuitionistic fuzzy sets, interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets, vague sets and bipolar fuzzy sets. The book offers a valuable resource for students and researchers in mathematics, especially those interested in fuzzy Lie algebraic structures, as well as for other scientists. Divided into 10 chapters, the book begins with a concise review of fuzzy set theory, Lie algebras and Lie superalgebras. In turn, Chap. 2 discusses several properties of concepts like interval-valued fuzzy Lie ideals, characterizations of Noetherian Lie algebras, quotient Lie algebras via interval-valued fuzzy Lie ideals, and interval-valued fuzzy Lie superalgebras. Chaps. 3 and 4 focus on various concepts of fuzzy Lie algebras, while Chap. 5 presents the concept of fuzzy Lie ideals of a Lie algebra over a fuzzy field. Chapter 6 is devoted to the properties of bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals, bipolar fuzzy Lie subsuperalgebras, bipolar fuzzy bracket product, solvable bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals and nilpotent bipolar fuzzy Lie ideals. Chap. 7 deals with the properties of m-polar fuzzy Lie subalgebras and m-polar fuzzy Lie ideals, while Chap. 8 addresses concepts like soft intersection Lie algebras and fuzzy soft Lie algebras. Chap. 9 deals with rough fuzzy Lie subalgebras and rough fuzzy Lie ideals, and lastly, Chap. 10 investigates certain properties of fuzzy subalgebras and ideals of n-ary Lie algebras.

Algebra. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- General Algebraic Systems. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Mathematical analysis

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This text is the fifth and final in the series of educational books written by Israel Gelfand with his colleagues for high school students. These books cover the basics of mathematics in a clear and simple format – the style Gelfand was known for internationally. Gelfand prepared these materials so as to be suitable for independent studies, thus allowing students to learn and practice the material at their own pace without a class. Geometry takes a different approach to presenting basic geometry for high-school students and others new to the subject. Rather than following the traditional axiomatic method that emphasizes formulae and logical deduction, it focuses on geometric constructions. Illustrations and problems are abundant throughout, and readers are encouraged to draw figures and “move” them in the plane, allowing them to develop and enhance their geometrical vision, imagination, and creativity. Chapters are structured so that only certain operations and the instruments to perform these operations are available for drawing objects and figures on the plane. This structure corresponds to presenting, sequentially, projective, affine, symplectic, and Euclidean geometries, all the while ensuring students have the necessary tools to follow along. Geometry is suitable for a large audience, which includes not only high school geometry students, but also teachers and anyone else interested in improving their geometrical vision and intuition, skills useful in many professions. Similarly, experienced mathematicians can appreciate the book’s unique way of presenting plane geometry in a simple form while adhering to its depth and rigor. “Gelfand was a great mathematician and also a great teacher. The book provides an atypical view of geometry. Gelfand gets to the intuitive core of geometry, to the phenomena of shapes and how they move in the plane, leading us to a better understanding of what coordinate geometry and axiomatic geometry seek to describe.” Mark Saul, PhD, Executive Director, Julia Robinson Mathematics Festival “The subject matter is presented as intuitive, interesting and fun. No previous knowledge of the subject is required. Starting from the simplest concepts and by inculcating in the reader the use of visualization skills, [and] after reading the explanations and working through the examples, you will be able to confidently tackle the interesting problems posed. I highly recommend the book to any person interested in this fascinating branch of mathematics.” Ricardo Gorrin, a student of the Extended Gelfand Correspondence Program in Mathematics (EGCPM).

Geometry. --- Mathematical logic. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Euclid's Elements --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical.

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This book addresses mechanisms for reducing model heterogeneity induced by the absence of explicit semantics expression in the formal techniques used to specify design models. More precisely, it highlights the advances in handling both implicit and explicit semantics in formal system developments, and discusses different contributions expressing different views and perceptions on the implicit and explicit semantics. The book is based on the discussions at the Shonan meeting on this topic held in 2016, and includes contributions from the participants summarising their perspectives on the problem and offering solutions. Divided into 5 parts: domain modelling, knowledge-based modelling, proof-based modelling, assurance cases, and refinement-based modelling, and offers inspiration for researchers and practitioners in the fields of formal methods, system and software engineering, domain knowledge modelling, requirement analysis, and explicit and implicit semantics of modelling languages.

Software engineering. --- Mathematical logic. --- Software Engineering. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism