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Substantive Protection under Investment Treaties provides the first systematic analysis of the consequences of the substantive protections that investment treaties provide to foreign investors. It proposes a new framework for identifying and evaluating the costs and benefits of differing levels of investment treaty protection, and uses this framework to evaluate the levels of protection for foreign investors implied by different interpretations of the fair and equitable treatment and indirect expropriation provisions of investment treaties. The author examines the arguments and assumptions of both supporters and critics of investment treaties, seeks to test whether they are coherent and borne out by evidence, and concludes that the 'economic' justifications for investment treaty protections are much weaker than is generally assumed. As such, the 'economic' objectives of investment treaties are not necessarily in tension with other 'non-economic' objectives. These findings have important implications for the drafting and interpretation of investment treaties.

International finance --- Financial law --- International law --- Investments --- Commercial treaties. --- Investments, Foreign --- Law and legislation. --- Investments - Law and legislation. --- Investments, Foreign - Law and legislation. --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Investment law

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Ces dernières années, le nombre d’accords commerciaux régionaux (ACR) a considérablement augmenté. Le nombre d’accords commerciaux régionaux qui comportent des dispositions environnementales augmente également. Or, ces dispositions et les enseignements dégagés de leur négociation et de leur mise en oeuvre n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’un examen approfondi. Cette étude vise à combler cette lacune. Elle répertorie les dispositifs relatifs aux questions d’environnement dans les ACR et les pratiques des pays en ce qui concerne la négociation et la mise en œuvre de ces dispositifs. Elle examine les accords commerciaux régionaux et bilatéraux, y compris les unions douanières et les accords de libre échange. L’étude s’appuie sur l’analyse des textes des ACR et des rapports qui examinent leur mise en œuvre, ainsi que sur les observations et informations communiquées par des experts de pays de l’OCDE ou hors OCDE.

Commercial treaties. --- Electronic books. -- local. --- International trade -- Environmental aspects. --- Trade blocs. --- International trade --- Environmental aspects. --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce)

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As the Doha Development Round trade negotiations have stalled, bilateral and regional free trade agreements have become an important alternative. These agreements have proliferated in recent years, and now all of the major trading countries are engaging in serious bilateral and regional trade negotiations with multiple trading partners. This book provides a comprehensive study of recent bilateral and regional trade agreements. There are two main aspects. First, it situates bilateral and regional trade agreements in the context of economics, international law and international relations. Second, it surveys the most important recent agreements in relation to each substantive topic covered (e.g. intellectual property, investment, services and social policy) and provides an overview of the law being created in these areas.

Commercial treaties. --- Free trade. --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- handel, internationaal --- handelspolitiek, internationaal --- GATT --- handelsrecht --- Commercial treaties --- Free trade --- Law --- General and Others

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The stalling of the Doha Development Round trade negotiations has resulted in bilateral and regional free trade agreements becoming an important alternative. These agreements have proliferated in recent years, and now all of the major trading countries are engaging in serious bilateral trade negotiations with multiple trading partners. This second edition provides a new collection of case studies illustrating the latest trends and innovations in bilateral and regional trade agreements (BRTAs). The selected BRTAs represent a good sampling of regional variation and cover the most important substantive issues. Authored by leading scholars and practitioners, each case study offers comprehensive analysis of the featured BRTA, and the format allows for quick comparisons.

Commercial treaties --- Free trade --- Law, General & Comparative --- Law, Politics & Government --- Free trade and protection --- Trade, Free --- Trade liberalization --- International trade --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Commercial treaties. --- Free trade.

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Regional trade agreements (RTAs) have proliferated around the world in the past two decades, and now nearly all members of the WTO are party to at least one. Besides tariffs and rules of origin regulating trade in goods, many RTAs now include provisions on services, investments, technical barriers to trade and competition rules, as well as a host of issues not directly related to trade. The geographic reach of RTAs is expanding, with transcontinental agreements spreading forcefully alongside intra-regional agreements. 'Multilateralizing Regionalism' was the title of a major conference held from 10-12 September 2007 at the WTO in Geneva. Brought together in this publication, the conference papers achieve two things. First, they marshall detailed, new empirical work on the nature of the 'Spaghetti Bowl' and the problems it poses for the multilateral trade system. Second, they contribute fresh and creative thinking on how to 'tame the tangle' of regional trade agreements.

International law --- Foreign trade. International trade --- Commercial law. Economic law (general) --- World Trade Organization --- handelspolitiek, internationaal --- GATT --- Commercial policy --- Commercial treaties --- International trade --- Regionalism --- Trade blocs --- Regional economic blocs --- Regional trading blocs --- Trading blocs --- Trade agreements (Commerce) --- Competition, International --- Foreign trade regulation --- Treaties --- Reciprocity (Commerce) --- Law --- General and Others