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Tijdens WO II vond er een immense kunstdrainage naar nazi-Duitsland plaats. Voor het eerst wordt dat verhaal voor België verteld. Hoe konden schilderijen van Memling, Brueghel en Jordaens zomaar verdwijnen? De nazi's haalden woningen leeg, roofden en spendeerden miljoenen Reichsmark om kunst te kopen. Na 8 jaar onderzoek legt Geert Sels de puzzelstukken bij elkaar die hij aantrof in archieven in Parijs, Den Haag, Koblenz en overal in België. Verzamelaars, handelaars en veilinghuizengingen zonder veel reserves mee in de kunstverwerving van de nazi's. Dit boek brengt de trafieken in kaart waarlangs de kunst het land verliet. Schilderijen uit België vonden hun weg naar het Louvre, Tate Modern, het Getty Museum of de Yale Art Gallery. Zelfs Rusland blijkt nog altijd kunst te hebben die na de oorlog naar België had moeten terugkeren. Andere werken kwamen wel terug en hangen nu in Belgische musea, zonder dat de rechtmatige eigenaars werden opgespoord.

BPB9999 --- Criminology. Victimology --- Art --- History of Germany and Austria --- History of Belgium and Luxembourg --- world wars --- looting --- restitution --- anno 1940-1949 --- 935 --- nazisme --- Tweede Wereldoorlog --- kunsthandel --- nieuwste tijden 1789-1945 --- Art thefts --- World War, 1939-1945 --- National socialism and art. --- kunstroof --- oorlogsbuit --- repatriëring van kunst --- looting [social issue] --- roofkunst. --- Wereldoorlog II. --- nazisme. --- geschiedenis. --- kunsthandel. --- verzamelingen. --- 20ste eeuw. --- België. --- roofkunst --- Wereldoorlog II --- geschiedenis --- verzamelingen --- 20ste eeuw --- België --- trophies of war [objects]

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Women were historically treated in wartime as property. Yet in the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, prohibitions against pillaging property did not extend to the female body. There is a gap of nearly a hundred years between those early prohibitions of pillage and the prohibition of rape finally enacted in the Rome Statute of 1998. In Looting and Rape in Wartime, Tuba Inal addresses the development of these two separate "prohibition regimes," exploring why states make and agree to laws that determine the way war is conducted, and what role gender plays in this process. Inal argues that three conditions are necessary for the emergence of a global prohibition regime: first, a state must believe that it is necessary to comply with the prohibition and that to do otherwise would be costly; second, the idea that a particular practice is undesirable must become the norm; finally, a prohibition regime emerges with state and nonstate actors supporting it all along the way. These conditions are met by the prohibition against pillage, which developed from a confluence of material circumstances and an ideological context: the nineteenth century fostered ideas about the sanctity of private property, which made the act of looting seem more abhorrent. Meanwhile, the existence of conscripted and regulated armies meant that militaries could take measures to prevent it. In that period, however, rape was still considered a crime of passion or a symptom of behavioral disorder-in other words, a distortion of male sexuality and outside of state control-and it would take many decades to erode the grip of those ideas. Only toward the end of the twentieth century did transformations in gender ideology and the increased participation of women in politics bring about broad cultural shifts in the way we perceive sexual violence, women, and women's roles in policy and lawmaking. In examining the historical and ideological context of how these two regimes evolved, Looting and Rape in Wartime provides vital perspective on the forces that block or bring about change in international relations.

International relations. --- Women (International law) --- Women --- War crimes. --- Pillage. --- Rape as a weapon of war. --- International law --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- War rape --- War crimes --- Looting --- Plundering --- Sack (Pillage) --- Military offenses --- Robbery --- Crime --- Crimes against women --- Femicide --- Women victims of crime --- Crimes against. --- Legal status, laws, etc. --- Human Rights. --- Law. --- Political Science.

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This book examines the ancient origins of debate about art as cultural property. What happens to art in time of war? Who should own art, and what is its appropriate context? Should the victorious ever allow the defeated to keep their art? These questions were posed by Cicero during his prosecution of a Roman governor of Sicily, Gaius Verres, for extortion. Cicero's published speeches had a very long afterlife, affecting debates about collecting art in the 18th century and reactions to the looting of art by Napoleon. The focus of the book's analysis is theft of art in Greek Sicily, Verres' trial, Roman collectors of art, and the later impact if Cicero's arguments. The book concludes with the British decision after Waterloo to repatriate Napoleon's stolen art to Italy, and an epilogue on the current threats to art looted from archaeological contexts. Margaret M. Miles is an archaeologist and art historian, now Professor of Art History and Classics at the University of California, Irvine. She has held fellowships at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, and the American Academy in Rome. She has excavated at Corinth and Athens, and did architectural fieldwork at Rhamnous in Greece and at Selinunte and Agrigento in Sicily. Her earlier publications include a study of the Temple of Nemesis at Rhamnous (Hesperia, 1989) and a volume in the Agora excavation series on the City Eleusinion, the downtown Athenian branch of the Eleusinian Mysteries (The Athenian Agora, Vol. 31: The City Eleusinion, 1998).

Art --- Cicero, Marcus Tullius --- Antiquity --- Art thefts --- Art treasures in war --- Cultural property --- 347.23 --- 351.854 --- 7.025.1 --- 7.061 --- 7.072.2 --- 7 <09> --- 871 CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS --- Cultural heritage --- Cultural patrimony --- Cultural resources --- Heritage property --- National heritage --- National patrimony --- National treasure --- Patrimony, Cultural --- Treasure, National --- Property --- World Heritage areas --- Art and war --- Art robberies --- Art stealing --- Plunder of the arts --- Theft --- 351.854 Overheidstaken, administratieve maatregelen i.v.m. wetenschap, kunst, literatuur. Cultuurpolitiek --- Overheidstaken, administratieve maatregelen i.v.m. wetenschap, kunst, literatuur. Cultuurpolitiek --- 347.23 Eigendomsrecht --- Eigendomsrecht --- 7.061 Etische aspecten van de kunst: vervalsingen; imitaties; plagiaat; namaak --- Etische aspecten van de kunst: vervalsingen; imitaties; plagiaat; namaak --- 7.072.2 Kunstgeschiedenis. Kunstwetenschap --- Kunstgeschiedenis. Kunstwetenschap --- 7.025.1 Kunstwerken: schade; averij; vernieling; verwoesting; vandalisme --- Kunstwerken: schade; averij; vernieling; verwoesting; vandalisme --- 7 <09> Kunstgeschiedenis. Kunsthistorie --- Kunstgeschiedenis. Kunsthistorie --- 871 CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS Latijnse literatuur--CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS --- Latijnse literatuur--CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS --- Protection&delete& --- History --- Thefts --- Cicero --- Cicerone, M. T. --- Cicéron, Marcus --- Political and social views. --- cultural property --- looting --- History of civilization --- Protection --- History. --- Vol d'objets d'art --- Trésors artistiques durant la guerre --- Biens culturels --- Histoire --- M. Tulli Ciceronis --- T︠S︡it︠s︡eron, Mark Tulliĭ --- Cyceron --- Cicéron --- Kikerōn --- Cicerón, M. Tulio --- Ḳiḳero --- Cicerone --- Cicerón, Marco Tulio --- Ḳiḳero, Marḳus Ṭulyus --- Tullius Cicero, Marcus --- Kikerōn, M. T. --- Cicerone, M. Tullio --- Cicero, M. T. --- Cyceron, Marek Tulliusz --- ציצרון, מארקוס טולליוס --- קיקרו, מארקוס טוליוס --- קיקרו, מרקוס טוליוס --- キケロ --- 西塞罗 --- looting [social issue]

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Examines the ethical dilemma of whether, and how, archaeologists and other experts should work with the military to protect cultural property in times of conflict. The world reacted with horror to the images of the looting of the National Museum in Iraq in 2003 - closely followed by other museums and then, largely unchecked, or archaeological sites across the country. This outcome had been predicted by many archaeologists, with some offering to work directly with the military to identify museums and sites to be avoided and protected. However, this work has since been heavily criticised by others working in the field,who claim that such collaboration lended a legitimacy to the invasion. It has therefore served to focus on the broader issue of whether archaeologists and other cultural heritage experts should ever work with the military,and, if so, under what guidelines and strictures. The essays in this book, drawn from a series of international conferences and seminars on the debate, provide an historical background to the ethical issues facing cultural heritage experts, and place them in a wider context. How do medical and religious experts justify their close working relationships with the military? Is all contact with those engaged in conflict wrong? Does working with the military really constitute tacit agreement with military and political goals, or can it be seen as contributing to the winning of a peace rather than success in war? Are guidelines required to help define roles and responsibilities? And can conflict situations be seen as simply an extension of protecting cultural property on military training bases? The book opens and addresses these and other questions as matters of crucial debate. Contributors: Peter Stone, Margaret M. Miles, Fritz Allhoff, Andrew Chandler, Oliver Urquhart Irvine, Barney White-Spunner, René Teijgeler, Katharyn Hanson, Martin Brown, Laurie Rush, Francis Scardera, Caleb Adebayo Folorunso, Derek Suchard, Joanne Farchakh Bajjaly, John Curtis, Jon Price, Mike Rowlands, Iain Shearer

Cultural property --- Pillage. --- Archaeology --- Classical antiquities --- Iraq War, 2003-2011 --- Military occupation --- Protection. --- Philosophy. --- Destruction and pillage. --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Belligerent occupation --- De facto doctrine (International law) --- Occupation, Military --- Occupied territory --- Armed Forces in foreign countries --- War (International law) --- Conquest, Right of --- Military government --- Anglo-American Invasion of Iraq, 2003-2011 --- Dawn, Operation New, 2010-2011 --- Gulf War II, 2003-2011 --- Iraqi Freedom, Operation, 2003-2010 --- New Dawn, Operation, 2010-2011 --- Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003-2010 --- Operation New Dawn, 2010-2011 --- Operation Telic, 2003-2011 --- Persian Gulf War, 2003-2011 --- Telic, Operation, 2003-2011 --- War on Terrorism, 2001-2009 --- Destruction of classical antiquities --- Pillage --- Looting --- Plundering --- Sack (Pillage) --- Military offenses --- Robbery --- War crimes --- Cultural property, Protection of --- Cultural resources management --- Cultural policy --- Historic preservation --- Protection --- Government policy --- archaeologists. --- conflict. --- cultural heritage experts. --- cultural property. --- ethics. --- invasion. --- medical experts. --- military training bases. --- military. --- religious experts. --- Civil-military relations

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This book traces the story of the Congo from the unleashing of King Leopard's fury across the region in the 19th century, to the Western sponsored murder of Patrice Lumumba in 1961 to the war that has ravaged the country since 1997. It is an immensely readable and radical introduction to the Congo that pays attention to the importance of economic production for social organization throughout the country's recent history. It also argues that the nature of global capitalism, far from always leading to modernization, can in fact mean the expansion of private capital accompanied by social collapse. As for the future, the hope is that another politics will emerge from the resistance of ordinary Congolese to imperialist slaughter and the post-independence Mobutu dictatorship.

History of Congo --- Pillage --- Imperialism --- Capitalism --- Mines and mineral resources --- Government, Resistance to --- Impérialisme --- Capitalisme --- Mines et ressources minières --- Résistance au gouvernement --- History. --- Political aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect politique --- Congo (Democratic Republic) --- Congo (République démocratique) --- Colonial influence. --- Economic conditions. --- Politics and government. --- History, Military. --- Influence coloniale --- Conditions économiques --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire militaire --- Congo belge --- --État indépendant du Congo --- --République du Congo --- --Zaïre --- --République démocratique du Congo --- --Exploitation --- --Pillage --- History --- Colonial influence --- Politics and government --- Geografie --- Sociale geografie --- Politieke Geografie. --- Impérialisme --- Mines et ressources minières --- Résistance au gouvernement --- Congo (République démocratique) --- Conditions économiques --- Looting --- Plundering --- Sack (Pillage) --- Military offenses --- Robbery --- War crimes --- Deposits, Mineral --- Mineral deposits --- Mineral resources --- Mines and mining --- Mining --- Natural resources --- Geology, Economic --- Minerals --- Civil resistance --- Non-resistance to government --- Resistance to government --- Political science --- Political violence --- Insurgency --- Nonviolence --- Revolutions --- Market economy --- Economics --- Profit --- Capital --- Political aspects&delete& --- Congo (Leopoldville) --- République du Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of the Congo (Leopoldville) --- Republic of Congo (Leopoldville) --- République démocratique du Congo --- Democratic Republic of the Congo --- Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo --- Kongo --- Congo (Kinshasa) --- RDC (République démocratique du Congo) --- DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo) --- DRK (Demokraticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Kongo) --- Democratic Republic of Congo --- DR Congo --- RD Congo --- Belgian Congo --- Zaire --- Congo DR --- R.D. Congo --- Exploitation --- Pillage - Congo (Democratic Republic) - History --- Imperialism - History --- Capitalism - Political aspects - History --- Mines and mineral resources - Political aspects - Congo (Democratic Republic) - History --- État indépendant du Congo --- République du Congo --- Zaïre --- République démocratique du Congo --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Colonial influence --- Congo (Democratic Republic) - Politics and government --- Political resistance