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Increased awareness about environmental adverse effects of human activities has prompted the use of insecticides with low impact on systems associated to agriculture. Currently, the most successful biological products are based on protein toxins from the bacterial species Bacillus thuringiensis. Because of the remarkable properties of these proteins, their encoding genes were introduced into farming species (the so called Bt-crops), in such a way, that these plants are self-protected against some key insect pests. Despite the fact that a relatively large number of these toxins, with different toxicity ranges, have been described, it is still important to find new resources with novel capabilities to complement, or to replace in the future, the currently used ones. On another hand, it is important to continue studying their mode action in susceptible insects, and the changes occurred in resistant ones, to determine the most effective strategy for long lasting pest control. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is to provide updated information on the use of B. thuringiensis and their toxins on different field crops, the interactions of these toxins with other molecules, analyze the biochemical and molecular basis of emerging cases of resistance and, in general, to provide information which can contribute to an effective pest management with these toxins.
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Annotation Bridging cellular membranes is a key step in the pathogenic action of both binary and pore-forming bacterial toxins. The former use their translocation domains, containing various structural motifs, to ensure efficient delivery of the toxic component into the host cell, while the latter act on the cellular membrane itself. In either case, the integrity of the membrane is compromised via targeted protein-lipid and protein-protein interactions triggered by specific signals, such as proteolytic cleavage or endosomal acidification. This Special Issue presents recent advances in characterizing functional, structural and thermodynamic aspects of the conformational switching and membrane interactions involved in the cellular entry of bacterial protein toxins. Deciphering the physicochemical principles underlying these processes is also a prerequisite for the use of protein engineering to develop toxin-based molecular vehicles capable of targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors and other diseased tissues.
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Bacterial Toxins --- Pathogenic bacteria --- Bacterial toxins
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Annotation The special issue "Enterotoxins: Microbial Proteins and Host Cell Dysregulation" is comprised of research articles and reviews covering a diverse group of toxins that affect the gut and dysregulate host immune response in mechanistically different ways. Excellent in-depth reviews of staphylococcal superantigens and Clostridium perfringens toxins are the cornerstones of this issue. The present editorial highlights these papers grouped by toxin class and, within each toxin class, papers are discussed in order of publication date, with reviews appearing first, followed by original articles.
Enterotoxins. --- Enterotoxin --- Bacterial toxins
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Many medically relevant bacteria cause severe human and animal diseases because they produce and release protein toxins that target mammalian cells. Because the toxin-induced cell damage is the reason for the clinical symptoms, the targeted pharmacological inhibition of the cytotoxic mode of action of bacterial toxins should prevent or cure the respective toxin-associated disease. Toxin inhibitors might be beneficial when the toxin acts in the absence of the producing bacteria (e.g., food poisoning), but also in combination with antibiotics in infectious diseases when the toxin-producing bacteria are present. The focus of this Special Issue of Toxins is on the development and characterization of novel inhibitors against bacterial toxins, e.g., toxin neutralizing antibodies, peptides or small compounds, as well as toxin pore blockers, which interfere with bacterial toxins and thereby protect cells from intoxication.
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Bacterial toxins --- Virology --- Virologie --- Congresses. --- Congrès
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Bacteria. --- Toxins --- Bacterial toxins --- Toxines bactériennes
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Nitrates. --- Cyanobacterial toxins. --- Carcinogens --- Nitrates --- Nitrites --- Bacterial Toxins --- Cyanobacteria --- Marine Toxins --- Microcystins --- Peptides, Cyclic --- adverse effects
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Bacterial Toxins --- Cell Membrane --- Bacterial toxins --- Cell membranes --- Toxines bactériennes --- Membrane cellulaire --- Bacterial Toxins. --- Cell Membrane. --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Bacterial antigens --- Microbial toxins --- Cytoplasmic Membrane --- Plasma Membrane --- Cell Membranes --- Cytoplasmic Membranes --- Membrane, Cell --- Membrane, Cytoplasmic --- Membrane, Plasma --- Membranes, Cell --- Membranes, Cytoplasmic --- Membranes, Plasma --- Plasma Membranes --- Membranes --- Toxins, Bacterial --- Bacterial toxins. --- Cell membranes. --- Toxines bactériennes --- Glycocalyces --- Bacterial Toxin --- Toxin, Bacterial
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