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Sociology as a discipline is concerned with relationships. The relationship addressed in this book, is the one between society and nature. More specifically, the process of making pollution and the environmental condition relevant for – and in – parliament is used as an analytical prism to gain better understanding of that relationship. Building on theoretical perspectives from pragmatic moral-political sociology developed by Boltanski and Thévenot, the changing valuation of «nature» and «the environment» in Norwegian parliamentary debates is analysed: When and how is nature made a relevant for parliament? How is nature valued in these debates? How are decisions on environmental- and petroleum policy legitimated? What kind of knowledge is made relevant? In what ways have parliamentary debates changed over time and how can we understand these changes? Empirical data is an extensive sample of Norwegian parliamentary debates in the period 1945–2013. The book maps the historical trajectory of the political conflicts on the environmental consequences from industry in Norway, and the petroleum industry in particular. The analysis exposes how the form of valuable nature has changed substantially over time. That is, what makes nature valuable for parliament has changed over time. The changing form of valuable nature also has consequences for how pollution should be avoided and what kind of policy instruments that are considered relevant. In the early 20th century nature was primarily regarded as a robust and unchangeable entity. Starting from the early 1950s this understanding of nature is undergoing impor- 10 GISLE ANDERSEN | PARLAMENTETS NATUR tant changes. Rather than being viewed as a robust entity, nature is to larger extent seen as fragile and should be protected from humans: Nature should be conserved. During the next decades the relevant form of nature to protect is gradually redefined as «the environment». In contrast to the idea of protecting «nature» from humans, pollution was primarily a problem because it harmed the human environment. A significant change occurred during the 1990s. The Norwegian parliamentary debates from this period are characterised by a harsh ecological self-critique. This had several consequences, among them a new environmental statute in the Norwegian Constitution. A new way of valuing nature emerged: What is valued is not nature «itself» but the function that nature has for humans, the conservation of nature understood as a «life supporting production system» for humanity. This view of nature specified the valuation of nature as anthropocentric. Another important dimension of the new way of valuing nature is that it clearly limited what form of nature that should be protected: It is legitimate to pollute and to harm parts of nature, but only as long as one does not threaten the production system that humans depend upon. As long as an activity can go on without diminishing the functional utility of nature for humanity; use, change and destruction of nature can be considered legitimate. This could be understood as a minimum definition of sustainability. These changes are linked to the ways the modern societies today responds to, and tries to control, global environmental change.

Environmental policy

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"Powstala w ramach inicjatywy EKOEkSoc ksia?z?ka W poszukiwaniu zielonego ladu jest efektem pracy autoro´w zwia?zanych zawodowo z Wydzialem Ekonomiczno-Socjologicznym Uniwersytetu Lo´dzkiego, kto´rzy w swej aktywnos´ci badawczej i dydaktycznej podejmuja? zagadnienia zwia?zane z problemami wyrastaja?cymi na styku systemo´w spoleczno-gospodarczych i s´rodowiska przyrodniczego. Jak zazieleniac´ zarza?dzanie zasobami czynniko´w produkcji? Jak koegzystowac´ z innymi gatunkami? Dlaczego warto poznawac´ ekologiczne uwarunkowania funkcjonowania miast, sektoro´w gospodarczych, przedsie?biorstw i gospodarstw domowych? Do czego moga? sie? przydac´ zielone podatki? Jak policzyc´ s´lad we?glowy i finansowac´ proekologiczne rozwia?zania? Czy wzrost PKB zawsze jest miara? sukcesu, a zwrot w kierunku zielonej gospodarki be?dzie inkluzywny? To przykladowe pytania, kto´re postawilis´my w publikacji. Znalezienie odpowiedzi wymagalo wyjs´cia poza utarte schematy mys´lenia, o kto´rych juz? wiemy, z?e zbyt cze?sto prowadza? do praktyk destrukcyjnych nie tylko wobec przyrody, lecz takz?e nas samych. Zapraszamy do lektury i aktywnego poszukiwania sposobo´w bar- dziej harmonijnego ukladania relacji z natura?."-- Provided by publisher.

Environmental policy

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Pour les responsables de l'élaboration de la politique climatique, il s'agit aujourd'hui de concilier la nécessité d'agir immédiatement en faveur du climat en passant à la vitesse supérieure, et celle de répondre aux crises ponctuelles causées notamment par la pandémie de COVID-19 et la guerre d'agression de la Russie en Ukraine. Relever ce défi impose une approche nouvelle centrée sur la résilience systémique et la formulation de politiques climatiques et économiques qui résisteront aux éventuelles perturbations futures. Ce rapport propose aux responsables publics un ensemble de recommandations cohérent sur la façon de renforcer cette résilience, qui trouve son fondement dans les travaux concernant le climat menés dans les différents domaines d'activité de l'OCDE, dont la politique économique et budgétaire, la fiscalité, la finance, le développement, la science et la technologie, l'emploi et les affaires sociales, l'environnement. On y trouvera des éclairages nouveaux sur les moyens d'assurer la résilience de la transition vers la neutralité en gaz à effet de serre elle-même, et de renforcer parallèlement la résilience face aux répercussions croissantes du changement climatique. Ce rapport fait la synthèse du projet Neutralité GES + de l'OCDE, première phase d'une initiative transversale qui se poursuit et marque une avancée majeure vers une approche de l'OCDE à l'échelle de l'ensemble de l'administration en matière de politique climatique. La présente version abrégée contient la Préface, l'Avant-propos, le Résumé et le Chapitre 1 du rapport. Le rapport complet est disponible en anglais sur le site web de l'OCDE.

Environmental policy.

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Environmental policy

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Environmental policy