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Nontariff trade barriers --- Barrières commerciales non tarifaires --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- -Non-tariff distortions of trade --- Protectionism --- Tariff --- Law and legislation --- -Non-tariff trade barriers --- -Law and legislation --- Barrières commerciales non tarifaires --- Non-tariff distortions of trade

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Les échanges internationaux se sont considérablement développés ces dernières années, grâce en partie à la réduction progressive des droits de douane et des contingents tarifaires dans le cadre des cycles successifs de libéralisation multilatérale des échanges. Toutefois, ce développement met en avant une des faiblesses persistantes du commerce international: les obstacles à la frontière que produisent les procédures et formalités commerciales inefficaces, obsolètes et compliquées empêchent les pays de profiter pleinement des avantages de marchés mondiaux ouverts. Les six études rassemblées dans cette publication examinent dans quel mesure des procédures inefficaces à la frontière ont un impact sur les flux des échanges et des investissements, comment les facteurs institutionnels et politiques affectent la conception et la mise en œuvre de mesures visant à améliorer l’efficacité accompagnés de bénéfices escomptés de ces mesures pour justifier les dépenses nécessaires pour les mettre en place et si ces dépenses sont à la portée des pays en voie de développement et des pays les moins avancés, étant donné leurs autres priorités de développement.

Commercial policy --- International trade --- Politique commerciale --- Commerce international --- Finance --- Finances --- Finance. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Non-tariff trade barriers. --- Non-tariff distortions of trade --- Nontariff trade barriers --- Protectionism --- Tariff --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Law and legislation

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Although SMEs are a major source of growth and job creation, SMEs appear to be under-represented in the international economy relative to their contribution in national and local economies. Two original OECD-APEC surveys investigated how SME policy makers and SMEs perceive the barriers to SME access to international markets. This proceedings presents a report on the results of the surveys, a synthesis of the conference discussions, and the main outcome of the conference: the Athens Action Plan for Removing Barriers to SME Access to International Markets.

Small business. --- Small business --- Foreign trade promotion --- International trade --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Management --- Business & Economics --- Industrial Management --- Government policy --- Non-tariff distortions of trade --- Nontariff trade barriers --- Export promotion --- Export trade promotion --- Promotion, Foreign trade --- Trade promotion, Foreign --- Businesses, Small --- Medium-sized business --- Micro-businesses --- Microbusinesses --- Microenterprises --- Small and medium-sized business --- Small and medium-sized enterprises --- Small businesses --- SMEs (Small business) --- Protectionism --- Tariff --- Commercial policy --- Export credit --- Subsidies --- Business --- Business enterprises --- Industries --- Size

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Les auteurs des études regroupées dans ce volume passent en revue les préoccupations exprimées par les exportateurs et les pouvoirs publics en termes d’accès au marché. Ils examinent certaines mesures non tarifaires appliquées à des biens échangés entrant dans le champ d’application de règles et disciplines multilatérales. Ils analysent dans quels domaines et pour quelles raisons ces mesures continuent à poser des problèmes aux exportateurs et aux responsables de l’action publique. Parmi les mesures spécifiques examinées, on peut citer les interdictions et les quotas, les régimes de licences d’importation non automatiques, les redevances et impositions douanières ou encore les restrictions à l’exportation. Grâce à la compilation de données récentes et de diverses informations, cette publication constituera une référence utile pour les responsables de l’action publique, les négociateurs et toute autre personne souhaitant connaître l’usage qui est fait de ces mesures d’un pays à l’autre, les règles commerciales internationales applicables et les problèmes encore en suspens en matière d’accès au marché.

Non-tariff trade barriers. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- International trade. --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Foreign trade regulation --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Non-tariff distortions of trade --- Nontariff trade barriers --- Protectionism --- Tariff --- Law and legislation

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Agricultural trade disputes over issues such as beef hormones and genetically modified organisms have received wide public attention and illustrated the trade-off between domestic and international policy objectives. This report examines pertinent issues at the interface between domestic policy objectives, technical regulations and agricultural trade. It also discusses approaches to measuring the trade impacts of food safety and other technical measures, and presents empirical evidence concerning the trade effects of resolving controversial food safety issues.

Food adulteration and inspection -- Standards. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- Non-tariff trade barriers. --- Produce trade. --- Produce trade --- Food --- Food adulteration and inspection --- Foreign trade regulation --- Non-tariff trade barriers --- Business & Economics --- Agricultural Economics --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Safety measures --- Standards --- Non-tariff distortions of trade --- Nontariff trade barriers --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Analysis of food --- Food, Pure --- Food inspection --- Inspection of food --- Pure food --- Adulteration --- Inspection --- Protectionism --- Tariff --- Trade regulation --- Adulterations --- Consumer protection --- Public health --- Sanitary chemistry --- Food law and legislation --- Agricultural laws and legislation --- Government policy. --- Law and legislation. --- Safety measures. --- Standards.