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De 1974 à 2014, l’Afrique intertropicale a connu une croissance inédite des effectifs des herbivores domestiques. Les effectifs bovins ont été multipliés par plus de 2, ceux des petits ruminants par plus de 3. Aujourd’hui, la région regroupe environ 20 % des bovins et des ovins, 33 % des caprins et 81 % des dromadaires élevés sur la planète. Soit un cheptel de près de 900 millions de têtes. L’ouvrage est axé sur la dynamique des élevages des ruminants et des équidés en Afrique intertropicale. Il décrit les différents systèmes d’élevage rencontrés en zones aride et subhumide et les ressources alimentaires disponibles ; il aborde les impacts locaux et globaux des élevages des herbivores sur l’environnement. Le rôle socio-économique majeur des activités autour des animaux et de leurs produits, et la demande croissante en viande et lait des consommateurs sont soulignés. Une organisation efficace des filières bétail-viande est rapportée, alors que des contraintes à la mise en place d’une industrie laitière persistent. Pour de nombreuses familles vivant proches du seuil de pauvreté, l’élevage est un facteur de réduction de la vulnérabilité. Divers services qui permettraient un développement durable des élevages sont décrits. Cependant, les modes de financements et les suivis des impacts socio-économiques et environnementaux devront évoluer.

Tropical agriculture: practice & techniques --- sustainable development --- Africa --- rural development --- animal production --- dairy products --- animal husbandry --- water resources --- environment --- food security --- cattle --- goats --- farming --- sheep --- technical advice --- fodder --- animal pathology --- pasture --- poultry --- zootechnics --- ruminant

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Livestock --- Bétail --- Feeding and feeds --- Alimentation et aliments --- FAO --- IAEA --- Alimentation des animaux --- Animal feeding --- Pays en développement --- Developing countries --- Conduite d'élevage --- Livestock management --- Bovin --- Cattle --- Aliment pour animaux --- feeds --- Possibilité de production --- production possibilities --- Ruminant --- ruminants --- Austria --- -Ruminants --- -Feeds --- -Livestock productivity --- -Ruminant mammals --- Ruminantia --- Artiodactyla --- Productivity, Livestock --- Agricultural productivity --- Animal feeds --- Animal rations --- Animals --- Domestic animals --- Feed --- Feeding and feeding stuffs --- Feeding stuffs --- Feedingstuff --- Feedstuff --- Fodder --- Livestock rations --- Rations, Animal --- Rations, Livestock --- Farm supplies --- Fodder banks --- Feeding --- Feeding, Animal --- Feeding of animals --- Feeds --- Congresses --- -Congresses --- Developing --- Livestock productivity --- Ruminants --- Bétail --- Report --- Feeding strategy

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Asaresultofvarioushumanactivities,suchasincreaseinhumanpopulation,decrease in arable land due to soil degradation, urbanization, industrialization and associated increase in the demand for livestock products, dramatic changes are occurring in the global ruminant livestock sector. These changes includeshift inthesize of regional livestock populations and in the types of management and feeding systems under which ruminant livestock are held, and increased demand of a wider range of quality attributes from animal agriculture, not just of the products themselves but also of the methods used in their production. The livestock sector will need to respond to newchallengesofincreasinglivestockproductivitywhileprotectingenvironmentand human health and conservingbiodiversity and natural resources. The micro-organisms in the digestive tracts of ruminant livestock have a profound in?uence on the conversion offeedinto end products, which can impact on the- imal and theenvironment. As the livestock sector grows particularly in developing countries, there will be an increasing need to understand these processes for b- ter management and use ofbothfeed and other natural resources that underpinthe development of sustainable feeding systems.

Rumen --- Ruminants --- Microbiology. --- Digestive organs. --- Ruminant mammals --- Ruminantia --- Artiodactyla --- Bacteriology --- Zoology. --- Agriculture. --- Ecology. --- Microbial ecology. --- Molecular ecology. --- Microbial Ecology. --- Molecular Ecology. --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Ecology --- Molecular biology --- Environmental microbiology --- Microbiology --- Balance of nature --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Natural history --- Animals --- Molecular aspects --- Ecology .

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The book combines information about the behaviour that allowed ruminants to survive and to evolve on Earth: the rumen. Furthermore, the reader will find aspects involving rumen anatomy, physiology, microbiology, fermentation, metabolism, manipulation, kinetics and modeling. Thus, the book was not only organized to help students involved in areas such as ruminant nutrition and ruminant production but collegians gathering material for teaching practices. .

Life sciences. --- Animal anatomy. --- Animal genetics. --- Animal physiology. --- Life Sciences. --- Animal Physiology. --- Animal Anatomy / Morphology / Histology. --- Animal Genetics and Genomics. --- Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography. --- Rumen --- Ruminants --- Microbiology. --- Nutrition. --- Ruminant mammals --- Ruminantia --- Bacteriology --- Artiodactyla --- Morphology (Animals). --- Genetics --- Animal morphology --- Animals --- Body form in animals --- Zoology --- Morphology --- Animal physiology --- Biology --- Anatomy --- Physiology --- Animal systematics. --- Animal taxonomy. --- Animal classification --- Animal systematics --- Animal taxonomy --- Classification --- Systematic zoology --- Systematics (Zoology) --- Taxonomy, Animal --- Zoological classification --- Zoological systematics --- Zoological taxonomy --- Animal anatomy

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Ruminants contribute significantly to human food security. However, the production of ruminants contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that are responsible for climate change. GHGs such as methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide are produced from different processes of ruminant production. Ruminant enteric methane is a substantial component of methane produced by agriculture. This book presents novel and established methods in quantifying and reducing enteric methane emission from ruminants in different production systems. The book covers different types of ruminants including cattle, sheep, and goats. The chapters are contributed by scientists and authors from different parts of the world, demonstrating the importance of this problem and the universal drive for immediate and sustainable solutions. Although, biologically speaking, the production of enteric methane cannot be reduced to zero, high emissions are an indicator of inefficient digestion of feed in the rumen and low utilisation of feed energy. By presenting research that could lead to robust and yet practical quantification methods and mitigation strategies, this book not only contributes to the discourse and new knowledge on the magnitude of the problem but also brings forward potential solutions in different livestock production systems.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- environmental modelling --- pasture systems --- nitrous oxide --- methane emissions --- nitrate leaching --- climate change --- heat stress --- goat --- immunization --- methane --- volatile fatty acids --- backgrounded cattle --- encapsulated nitrate --- essential oil --- nitrogen balance --- reduction strategy --- rumen fermentation --- microbial flora --- tea saponins --- Moringa oleifera --- fecal methanogenic community --- dairy cows --- mcrA gene sequencing technique --- methane emission --- tropical beef cattle --- Desmanthus --- supplementation --- growth performance --- ruminant nutrition --- legumes --- NDIR --- laser --- agreement --- enteric emissions --- interchangeability --- heifer --- forage-to-concentrate ratio --- prediction equation --- sulphur hexafluoride tracer technique --- genetic evaluation --- greenhouse gases --- environment --- dairy goat farming --- linear programming --- GHG emissions --- abatement cost --- mitigation options --- carbon footprint