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Although cardiac output is measured as the flow of blood from the left ventricle into the aorta, the system that controls cardiac output includes many other components besides the heart itself. The heart's rate of output cannot exceed the rate of venous return to it, and therefore, the factors governing venous return are primarily responsible for control of output from the heart. Venous return is affected by its pressure gradient and resistance to flow throughout the vascular system. The pressure gradient for venous return is a function of several factors including the blood volume flowing through the system, the unstressed vascular volume of the circulatory system, its capacitance, mean systemic pressure, and right atrial pressure. Resistance to venous return is the sum of total vascular resistance from the aortic valve to the right atrium. The sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive circulating hormones affect short-term resistance, whereas local tissue blood flow autoregulatory mechanisms are the dominant determinants of long-term resistance to venous return. The strength of contraction of the heart responds to changes in atrial pressure driven by changes in venous return, with small changes in atrial pressure eliciting large changes in strength of contraction, as described by the Frank-Starling mechanism. In addition, the autonomic nervous system input to the heart alters myocardial pumping ability in response to cardiovascular challenges. The function of the cardiovascular system is strongly affected by the operation of the renal sodium excretion-body fluid volume-arterial pressure negative feedback system that maintains arterial blood pressure at a controlled value over long periods. The intent of this volume is to integrate the basic knowledge of these cardiovascular system components into an understanding of cardiac output regulation.

Cardiac output -- Physiology. --- Cardiac output. --- Heart -- Physiology. --- Vascular resistance -- Physiology. --- Hemodynamics --- Cardiovascular System --- Heart Function Tests --- Anatomy --- Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular --- Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena --- Circulatory and Respiratory Physiological Phenomena --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Phenomena and Processes --- Diagnosis --- Cardiac Output --- Heart --- Vascular Resistance --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physiology --- Cardiac Output. --- Blood flow autoregulation --- Blood volume --- Circulatory shock --- Heart failure --- Hemorrhage --- Mean systemic pressure --- Myocardial contractility --- Pressure gradient for venous return --- Vascular capacitance --- Vascular resistance --- Venous return

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Neuropathology --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- Pathology of the circulatory system --- Hypotensive agents --- Blood pressure --- Neuropharmacology --- Congresses --- Regulation --- -Hypotensive agents --- -Neuropharmacology --- -Nervous system --- Nervous system --- Neurotropic drugs --- Neurosciences --- Pharmacology --- Antihypertensive agents --- Cardiovascular agents --- Hypertension --- Blood --- Body fluids --- Hemodynamics --- Vital signs --- Vascular resistance --- -Congresses --- Drug effects --- Effect of drugs on --- Pressure --- Internal medicine --- Congresses. --- Arterial hypertension --- -Regulation --- Arterial hypertension. --- Regulation&delete&

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Hypertension in pregnancy --- Toxemia of pregnancy --- Blood pressure --- Blood pressure. --- Hypertension in pregnancy. --- Toxemia of pregnancy. --- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced. --- Gestational Hypertension --- Pregnancy Induced Hypertension --- Transient Hypertension, Pregnancy --- Hypertension, Gestational --- Hypertension, Pregnancy Induced --- Hypertension, Pregnancy Transient --- Hypertensions, Pregnancy Induced --- Induced Hypertension, Pregnancy --- Induced Hypertensions, Pregnancy --- Pregnancy Transient Hypertension --- Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension --- Gestosis --- Pregnancy toxemia --- Pregnancy toxemias --- Blood --- Pressure --- Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced --- Body fluids --- Hemodynamics --- Vital signs --- Vascular resistance --- Health Sciences --- Obstetrics and Gynecology --- zwangerschap --- vrouwen --- Gynecology & Obstetrics

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In this newly updated second edition of Blood Pressure Monitoring in Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics, William B. White, MD, and a panel of highly distinguished clinicians give a critical review of every aspect of the evaluation of high blood pressure. This includes home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, the relationship between whole-day blood pressure and the cardiovascular disease process, and the effects of antihypertensive therapies on these blood pressure parameters. World-class contributors describe the significant advances in our understanding of the circadian pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders and demonstrate that ambulatory blood pressure values are independent predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This book provides a comprehensive up-to-date resource of this dynamic field in hypertension and vascular disease.

Hemodynamic monitoring. --- Blood pressure. --- Circadian rhythms. --- Cardiovascular system --- Hypertension. --- Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. --- Diseases --- Diagnosis. --- Ambulatory blood pressure measurement --- Ambulatory medical care --- Blood pressure --- Hemodynamic monitoring --- Blood pressure, High --- High blood pressure --- Vascular hypertension --- Blood circulation disorders --- Behavior, Circadian --- Biological clocks, Daily --- Circadian behavior --- Circadian clocks --- Circadian cycles --- Clocks, Circadian --- Cycles, Circadian --- Daily activity cycles --- Daily biological clocks --- Diel cycles --- Diurnal rhythms --- Rhythms, Circadian --- Biological rhythms --- Blood --- Body fluids --- Hemodynamics --- Vital signs --- Vascular resistance --- Monitoring, Hemodynamic --- Patient monitoring --- Measurement --- Pressure --- Cardiology. --- Toxicology. --- Internal medicine. --- Nephrology. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Internal Medicine. --- Internal medicine --- Kidneys --- Medicine, Internal --- Medicine --- Chemicals --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Heart --- Toxicology --- Pharmacology. --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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Blood Pressure --- Hypertension --- Blood pressure --- Hypertension. --- Blood Pressure. --- Blood pressure. --- Hypertonie --- Zeitschrift --- Online-Ressource --- Diastolic Pressure --- Pulse Pressure --- Systolic Pressure --- Pressure, Blood --- Pressure, Diastolic --- Pressure, Pulse --- Pressure, Systolic --- Pressures, Systolic --- Blood Pressure, High --- Blood Pressures, High --- High Blood Pressure --- High Blood Pressures --- Netzpublikation --- Online-Publikation --- Computerdatei im Fernzugriff --- Online-Dokument --- On-line-Dokument --- On-line-Publikation --- Blood --- Periodikum --- Zeitschriften --- Arterielle Hypertonie --- Arterieller Hochdruck --- Bluthochdruck --- Hochdruck --- Hypertonus --- Blood pressure, High --- High blood pressure --- Vascular hypertension --- Pressure --- Body fluids --- Hemodynamics --- Vital signs --- Vascular resistance --- Presse --- Fortlaufendes Sammelwerk --- Blood circulation disorders --- Elektronische Publikation --- 44.85 cardiology. --- Hypertensie.