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The number of older subjects is rapidly increasingly worldwide. As a consequence, the nature of clinical conditions is also changing. Traditional medicine and models of care have been based on the evaluation and treatment of single and usually acute conditions occurring in relatively young individuals. Today, the usual clinical manifestation of diseases is characterized by multiple and often chronic conditions affecting older people. In this scenario, frailty and dementia have been triggering special interest both in research and clinical settings due to their high prevalence, impact on the individual’s quality of life, and consequences for public health worldwide. These conditions aptly reflect the complexity of age-related pathological conditions, finding as causal factor a myriad of heterogeneous, interacting, and often still unclear pathophysiological processes. Indeed, their study is strongly affected by the difficulty to differentiate the effects of a normal aging process from eventual pathological deviations of the underlying systems. Their occurrence and trajectories over time are strongly affected by a wide array of factors and determinants that can be hardly attributed to the deficit/involvement of single biological systems and/or health domains. Moreover, environment and social factors also play a key role in the determination of phenotypes. The present Research Topic is aimed at widening our understanding of the frailty and dementia phenomena occurring with aging, in order to improve the clinical and public health approaches to these burdening conditions.

Dementia. --- Aging --- Psychological aspects. --- cognition --- caregiver --- Frailty --- dementia --- mild cognitive impairment --- aging --- cognitive frailty --- Alzheimer

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Our understanding of visual perception and visual cognition has advanced considerably over the last decades. The effects of ageing on visual perception and visual cognition are less well understood. This Research Topic features state-of-the-art approaches to determining the effects of ageing on visual perception, visual attention, visual memory and visually guided behaviour. Studies using methods that incorporate psychophysics, eye movements, electrophysiology, structural and functional neuroimaging, as well as computational modelling are included. In addition to the focus on how ageing effects normal vision, the topic also includes studies on the effects of pathological ageing in the retina (e.g., age-related macular degeneration) and the brain (e.g., neurodegenerative disorders) on vision and visual cognition.

Visual perception. --- Aging. --- functional MRI --- Ageing --- Vision --- central scotoma --- Mild Cognitive Impairment --- age-related macular degeneration --- Alzheimer's disease --- visual cognition

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In this special issue of Diagnostics, expert contributors have produced up-to-date research studies and reviews on various topics related to the diagnosis of dementia and cognitive impairment. The methods of the assessments discussed extend from simple neurological signs, which may be elicited in the clinical encounter, through cognitive screening instruments, to sophisticated analyses of neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of disease. It is hoped that these various methods may facilitate earlier diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, and provide differential diagnosis of depression and functional cognitive disorders, as a prelude to meaningful interventions.

screening --- MoCA --- neurodegeneration --- accuracy --- frontotemporal dementia --- cognitive assessment --- Free-Cog --- molecular imaging --- Alzheimer’s --- standardised mini-mental state examination --- decision tree --- differential diagnosis depression vs. MCI/dementia --- computerized cognitive assessment --- quantification --- Alzheimer’s disease --- functional cognitive disorder --- diagnosis --- Triple Test --- diagnostic imaging --- neurocognitive disorder --- feasibility --- TYM-MCI --- amyloid --- cerebrospinal fluid --- dementia --- precision medicine --- Mini-Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination --- memory --- depression in old age --- quick mild cognitive impairment screen --- cognition --- nuclear medicine --- TYM --- Rapid Cognitive Screen --- 18F-FDG --- functional neurological disorder cognition --- stroke --- sensitivity and specificity --- Codex --- mortality --- mild cognitive impairment --- cognitive screening instruments --- cognitive impairment --- aging --- SKT (Syndrom-Kurztest) --- PET --- executive function --- Cognition disorders --- Dementia --- Diagnosis. --- SKT (Syndrome-Kurztest)

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Visual attention is essential for environmental interactions, but our ability to respond to stimuli gradually declines across the lifespan, and such deficits are even more pronounced in various states of cognitive impairment. Examining the integrity of related components, from elements of attention capture to executive control, will improve our understanding of related declines by helping to explain behavioural and neural effects, which will ultimately contribute towards our knowledge of the extent of dysfunctional attention processes and their impact upon everyday life. Accordingly, this Special Issue represents a body of literature that fundamentally advances insights into visual attention processing, featuring studies spanning healthy ageing, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- object-location memory --- sustained attention --- incidental encoding --- intentional encoding --- transcranial direct current stimulation --- non-invasive brain stimulation --- stimulation duration --- aging --- neural plasticity --- attentional control --- reaction time --- intra-individual variability --- subjective memory --- healthy ageing --- cognitive impairment --- disengagement --- attention --- inhibition --- “gap effect” --- overlap --- saccade --- ageing --- simulated driving --- switching costs --- neural oscillations --- Neuro-VR --- Lewy body disease --- mild cognitive impairment --- visual hallucinations --- perception --- drift diffusion --- vision --- working memory --- visual working memory --- filtering --- ignoring --- precue --- retrocue --- n/a --- "gap effect"

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Down syndrome (DS), caused by the triplication of chromosome 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Individuals with DS commonly exhibit unique neuropsychological profiles that emerge during specific developmental stages across the lifespan, often characterized by early developmental delay, cognitive strengths and weaknesses, behavior and mental health issues, and age-related cognitive decline, frequently resulting in early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. These profiles are unique compared to other individuals with ID and reflect the genetic mechanisms and neuroanatomic features underlying the distinct neuropsychological phenotype associated with DS. This Special Issue aims to highlight the recent advancements in understanding the neuropsychological phenotype associated with DS across the lifespan. The lifespan perspective will cover four developmental stages: (1) early childhood; (2) school age; (3) young adulthood, and (4) older adulthood. Authors contributed cutting-edge original research studies and comprehensive reviews that address a broad range of topics related to DS, including early developmental trajectories, cognitive functioning, language, adaptive skills, behavior and mental health, assessment and diagnosis, age-related cognitive decline, and medical issues related to the neuropsychological phenotype and neuroimaging.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- trisomy 21 --- decoding --- vocabulary --- letters --- phonological awareness --- down syndrome --- fluency --- disfluency --- co-occurrence --- comorbidity --- language --- Down syndrome --- social cognition --- social behavior --- measurement --- children --- attention --- audiovisual processing --- communicative abilities in infants --- Trisomy 21 --- independence --- transition to adulthood --- proxy-report --- regression --- Alzheimer’s disease --- biomarkers --- dementia --- cognition --- functional independence --- neuropsychological assessment --- primary care --- screening --- early regression --- idiopathic regression --- depression --- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor --- mild cognitive impairment --- cognitive decline --- neuropsychological tests --- cognitive function --- early-onset Alzheimer disease --- late-onset Alzheimer disease --- hypothyroidism --- thyroid autoantibodies --- TSH --- Free T4 --- APOE Ɛ4 --- autism spectrum disorder --- co-occurring --- prevalence --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease