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The discovery, ten years ago, that the RF-amide peptide kisspeptin, acting via GPR54, is essential for the onset of puberty and reproduction, has been a major breakthrough in reproductive physiology. It has also put in front of the spotlights RF-amide peptides and allowed to revive research on this superfamily. The first member of this family to be characterized, in 1977, was the cardioexcitatory peptide, FMRFamide, isolated from the ganglia of the clam Macrocallista nimbosa. Since then, a large number of these peptides, designated after their C-terminal arginine (R) and amidated phenylalaline (F) residues, have been identified in representative species of all major phyla. By means of phylogenetic analyses, the superfamily of RFamide peptides has been divided into five families in vertebrates: kisspeptin, QFRP (including 26RFa), LPXRFa (including GnIH and RFRP), PQRFa (including NPFF) and PrRP. Recent data reveal that SIFamide-type neuropeptides in protostomian invertebrates and SALMFamide-type neuropeptides in deuterostomian invertebrates share a common evolutionary origin with vertebrate LPXRFa and PQRFa. Interestingly, in invertebrates as in vertebrates, multiple genes, as well as multiple mature peptides, are often present in a single species, questioning the need for such diversity in term of function. Comparative studies on non-mammalian vertebrates and invertebrates allow major advances in the knowledge of the evolutionary history of the RF-amide peptide superfamily. Such phylogenetical studies also contribute to improve classification and nomenclature of both peptides and receptors. RF-amide peptides from different families have major evolutionary conserved roles in the control of reproduction, but also of food intake, metabolism, energy expenditure, cardiovascular function, nociception and stress. They are also involved in the integration of environmental signals, notably the photoperiod, to regulate reproduction. For instance, in most vertebrate species and especially in seasonal mammals, kisspeptin and GnIH/RFRP have complementary but opposite effects in the control of reproductive function. In addition, recent data show cross-activities between the members of the RF-amide peptide superfamily and their receptors. For example, PrRP, kisspeptin and 26RFa are able to modulate nociception via NPFF receptors. Comparative studies have the potential to reveal novel regulatory mechanisms that could give a better comprehension of physiological functions and lead to new therapeutic treatments for related human pathologies. Thus, kisspeptin antagonists have been developed as novel tools for treatment of hormone-dependent disorders of reproduction such as precocious puberty and endometriosis or kisspeptin for treatment of infertility, in humans. Studies on lower vertebrate models can also contribute to the discovery of new roles of these peptides, as seen recently with kisspeptin being involved in the early development of the medaka.

Endocrinology. --- Neuroscience.

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Introduces some key notions of cognitive (neuro)science including mirror neurons and perceptual and motor schemas. Much important processing may be subconscious. Af-fordances link multi-modal perception and action. Three linkages of architecture and neuroscience are noted: neuroscience of experience; neuroscience of design; and neuro-morphic architecture, "brains" for buildings. Examples are offered from Zumthor's Therme at Vals (linking memory and imagination) and a case study of group creativity in choreography (illustrating four-dimensional planning).

Cognitive neuroscience.

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The brain is the body’s most vulnerable organ due to the defined roles of neurons within circuits. Neurons are vastly outnumbered by microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, macrophages, cells of the blood brain barrier and invading immune cells. These cells display different grades of reactivities and interactions. They integrate their responses and not only change phenotypes but can also completely reprogram after damage to protect the neuronal complexity. The interactions of these satellite cells in the healthy brain are described as well as their roles in all major brain diseases. Special emphasis is put on immune system – brain interactions and regenerative and repair processes. The gliotic response is compared with the reactions to injuries of the skin and other organs. A final chapter addresses the definition of a cell type. It concludes that cell types can no longer be regarded as defined entities over the body’s lifetime but are prone to phenotype plasticity and even complete reprograming.

Neurosciences. --- Neuroscience.

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Le champ de la psychologie s'est incroyablement étendu et diversifié depuis que les sciences cognitives ont fait leur apparition, à tel point qu'il devient difficile, pour l'étudiant, de se repérer parmi les multiples disciplines. Quel est le rapport entre processus psychologiques et réseaux neuronaux ? Comment se traduisent les soubassements neurologiques dans la psychologie des individus ? Autant de questions auxquelles répond ce livre organisé selon les principales fonctions psychologiques : l'action, l'attention, le langage, la mémoire et la perception, leurs soubassements neurobiologiques, leurs dysfonctionnements pathologiques ainsi que leur remédiation thérapeutique. Pour chaque fonction, les auteurs précisent : La description et l'action de la fonction Ses sous-bassement neurologique Les troubles liés Les bilans et remédiations dédiés aux troubles

Neurosciences cognitives --- Cognitive neuroscience --- Cognitive neuroscience.

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Cognitive neuroscience --- Neurociència cognitiva